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1. The training rule on masturbation

Sukkavisaṭṭhi

A monk who intentionally ejaculates is to be suspended. The introductory narrative to this and the next four rules, as well as a number of other rules in the monastic code, feature the monk Udāyī, who had a serious problem with keeping his sexual urges in check. Either that or he is a literary stand-in for the real offenders.

Translated by Bhikkhu Brahmali · Pāli: Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka · Public domain (CC0) via SuttaCentral

  • 0.1Theravāda VinayaTheravāda Collection on Monastic Law
  • 0.2MahāvibhaṅgaThe Great Analysis
  • 0.3SaṅghādisesakaṇḍaThe chapter on offenses entailing suspension

0.41. SukkavissaṭṭhisikkhāpadaThe training rule on masturbation

0.5PTS 3.110Ime kho panāyasmanto terasa saṅghādisesā dhammā uddesaṁ āgacchanti.Venerables, these thirteen rules on suspension come up for recitation.

1.1.0.1Origin story

1.1.0.2First substory

1.1.1Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.At one time the Buddha was staying at Sāvatthī in the Jeta Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Monastery.1.1.2Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā seyyasako anabhirato brahmacariyaṁ carati.At that time Venerable Seyyasaka was dissatisfied with the spiritual life.1.1.3So tena kiso hoti lūkho dubbaṇṇo uppaṇḍuppaṇḍukajāto dhamanisanthatagatto.He became thin, haggard, and pale, with veins protruding all over his body.1.1.4Addasa kho āyasmā udāyī āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ kisaṁ lūkhaṁ dubbaṇṇaṁ uppaṇḍuppaṇḍukajātaṁ dhamanisanthatagattaṁ. Disvāna āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ etadavoca—Venerable Udāyī saw him in this condition and said to him,1.1.5“kissa tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, kiso lūkho dubbaṇṇo uppaṇḍuppaṇḍukajāto dhamanisanthatagatto?“Seyyasaka, you’re not looking well.1.1.6Kacci no tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, anabhirato brahmacariyaṁ carasī”ti?You’re not dissatisfied with the spiritual life, are you?”

1.1.7“Evamāvuso”ti.“I am.”

1.1.8“Tena hi tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, yāvadatthaṁ bhuñja yāvadatthaṁ supa yāvadatthaṁ nhāya.“Well then, eat, sleep, and bathe as much as you like.1.1.9Yāvadatthaṁ bhuñjitvā yāvadatthaṁ supitvā yāvadatthaṁ nhāyitvā yadā te anabhirati uppajjati rāgo cittaṁ anuddhaṁseti tadā hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocehī”ti.And whenever you become discontent and lust overwhelms you, just masturbate with your hand.”1.1.10“Kiṁ nu kho, āvuso, kappati evarūpaṁ kātun”ti?“But is that allowable?”

1.1.11“Āma, āvuso. Ahampi evaṁ karomī”ti.“Yes, I do it too.”

1.1.12PTS 3.111Atha kho āyasmā seyyasako yāvadatthaṁ bhuñji yāvadatthaṁ supi yāvadatthaṁ nhāyi.Then Seyyasaka ate, slept, and bathed as much as he liked,1.1.13Yāvadatthaṁ bhuñjitvā yāvadatthaṁ supitvā yāvadatthaṁ nhāyitvā yadā anabhirati uppajjati rāgo cittaṁ anuddhaṁseti tadā hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocesi.and whenever he became discontent and lust overwhelmed him, he masturbated with his hand.1.1.14Atha kho āyasmā seyyasako aparena samayena vaṇṇavā ahosi pīṇindriyo pasannamukhavaṇṇo vippasannachavivaṇṇo.After some time Seyyasaka had a good color, a bright face, clear skin, and sharp senses.1.1.15Atha kho āyasmato seyyasakassa sahāyakā bhikkhū āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ etadavocuṁ—The monks who were his friends said to him,1.1.16“pubbe kho tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, kiso ahosi lūkho dubbaṇṇo uppaṇḍuppaṇḍukajāto dhamanisanthatagatto.“Seyyasaka, you used to be thin, haggard, and pale, with veins protruding all over your body.1.1.17So dāni tvaṁ etarahi vaṇṇavā pīṇindriyo pasannamukhavaṇṇo vippasannachavivaṇṇo.But now you have a good color, a bright face, clear skin, and sharp senses.1.1.18Kiṁ nu kho tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, bhesajjaṁ karosī”ti?Have you been taking medicine?”

1.1.19“Na kho ahaṁ, āvuso, bhesajjaṁ karomi.“No.1.1.20Api cāhaṁ yāvadatthaṁ bhuñjāmi yāvadatthaṁ supāmi yāvadatthaṁ nhāyāmi.I just eat, sleep, and bathe as much as I like,1.1.21Yāvadatthaṁ bhuñjitvā yāvadatthaṁ supitvā yāvadatthaṁ nhāyitvā yadā me anabhirati uppajjati rāgo cittaṁ anuddhaṁseti tadā hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocemī”ti.and whenever I become discontent and lust overwhelms me, I masturbate with my hand.”1.2.1“Kiṁ pana tvaṁ, āvuso seyyasaka, yeneva hatthena saddhādeyyaṁ bhuñjasi teneva hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocesī”ti?“Do you eat the food given in faith with the same hand you use to masturbate?”

1.2.2“Evamāvuso”ti.“Yes.”

1.2.3Ye te bhikkhū appicchā …pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—The monks of few desires complained and criticized him,1.2.4“kathañhi nāma āyasmā seyyasako hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocessatī”ti.“How can Venerable Seyyasaka masturbate with his hand?”

1.2.5PTS 3.112Atha kho te bhikkhū āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ anekapariyāyena vigarahitvā bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesuṁ.They rebuked Seyyasaka in many ways and then told the Buddha.1.2.6Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṁ nidāne etasmiṁ pakaraṇe bhikkhusaṅghaṁ sannipātāpetvā āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ paṭipucchi—The Buddha then had the Sangha gathered and questioned Seyyasaka:1.2.7“saccaṁ kira tvaṁ, seyyasaka, hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocesī”ti?“Is it true, Seyyasaka, that you do this?”

1.2.8“Saccaṁ, bhagavā”ti.“Yes, sir.”

1.2.9Vigarahi buddho bhagavā—The Buddha rebuked him,1.2.10“ananucchavikaṁ, moghapurisa, ananulomikaṁ appatirūpaṁ assāmaṇakaṁ akappiyaṁ akaraṇīyaṁ.“Foolish man, it’s not suitable, it’s not proper, it’s not worthy of a monastic, it’s not allowable, it’s not to be done.1.2.11Kathañhi nāma tvaṁ, moghapurisa, hatthena upakkamitvā asuciṁ mocessasi.How can you do this?1.2.12Nanu mayā, moghapurisa, anekapariyāyena virāgāya dhammo desito no sarāgāya,Haven’t I given many teachings for the sake of dispassion, not for the sake of lust;1.2.13visaññogāya dhammo desito no saññogāya,for the sake of freedom from bondage, not for the sake of bondage;1.2.14anupādānāya dhammo desito no saupādānāya.for the sake of non-grasping, not for the sake of grasping?1.2.15Tattha nāma tvaṁ, moghapurisa, mayā virāgāya dhamme desite sarāgāya cetessasi, visaññogāya dhamme desite saññogāya cetessasi, anupādānāya dhamme desite saupādānāya cetessasi.When I’ve taught like this, how can you choose lust, bondage, and grasping?1.2.16Nanu mayā, moghapurisa, anekapariyāyena rāgavirāgāya dhammo desito, madanimmadanāya pipāsavinayāya ālayasamugghātāya vaṭṭupacchedāya taṇhākkhayāya virāgāya nirodhāya nibbānāya dhammo desito?Haven’t I given many teachings for the fading away of lust, for the clearing away of intoxication, for the removal of thirst, for the uprooting of attachment, for the cutting off of the round of rebirth, for the stopping of craving, for fading away, for ending, for extinguishment?1.2.17Nanu mayā, moghapurisa, anekapariyāyena kāmānaṁ pahānaṁ akkhātaṁ, kāmasaññānaṁ pariññā akkhātā, kāmapipāsānaṁ paṭivinayo akkhāto, kāmavitakkānaṁ samugghāto akkhāto, kāmapariḷāhānaṁ vūpasamo akkhāto?Haven’t I given many teachings for the abandoning of worldly pleasures, for the full understanding of the perceptions of worldly pleasures, for the removal of thirst for worldly pleasures, for the elimination of thoughts of worldly pleasures, for the stilling of the fevers of worldly pleasures?1.2.18Netaṁ, moghapurisa, appasannānaṁ vā pasādāya, pasannānaṁ vā bhiyyobhāvāya.Foolish man, this will affect people’s confidence,1.2.19Atha khvetaṁ, moghapurisa, appasannānañceva appasādāya, pasannānañca ekaccānaṁ aññathattāyā”ti.and cause some to lose it.”1.2.20Atha kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ seyyasakaṁ anekapariyāyena vigarahitvā dubbharatāya …pe…Then, after rebuking Seyyasaka in many ways, the Buddha spoke in dispraise of being difficult to support …1.2.21evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—“And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:

1.2.22.0Preliminary ruling

1.2.22.1“Sañcetanikā sukkavissaṭṭhi saṅghādiseso”ti.‘Intentional emission of semen is an offense entailing suspension.’”

1.2.23Evañcidaṁ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ paññattaṁ hoti.In this way the Buddha laid down this training rule for the monks.

2.1.0Second substory

2.1.1Tena kho pana samayena bhikkhū paṇītabhojanāni bhuñjitvā muṭṭhassatī asampajānā niddaṁ okkamanti.Soon afterwards some monks ate fine foods, fell asleep absentminded and heedless,2.1.2Tesaṁ muṭṭhassatīnaṁ asampajānānaṁ niddaṁ okkamantānaṁ supinantena asuci muccati.and emitted semen while dreaming.2.1.3Tesaṁ kukkuccaṁ ahosi—They became anxious, thinking,2.1.4“bhagavatā sikkhāpadaṁ paññattaṁ—“The Buddha has laid down a training rule2.1.5‘sañcetanikā sukkavissaṭṭhi saṅghādiseso’ti.that intentional emission of semen is an offense entailing suspension.2.1.6Amhākañca supinantena asuci muccati.We had an emission while dreaming,2.1.7Atthi cettha cetanā labbhati.which is not without intention.2.1.8Kacci nu kho mayaṁ saṅghādisesaṁ āpattiṁ āpannā”ti?Could it be that we’ve committed an offense entailing suspension?”2.1.9Bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesuṁ.They told the Buddha.2.1.10“Atthesā, bhikkhave, cetanā;“It’s true, monks, that a dream is not without intention,2.1.11sā ca kho abbohārikāti.but it’s negligible.2.1.12Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—And so, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:

2.1.13.0Final ruling

2.1.13.1“Sañcetanikā sukkavissaṭṭhi aññatra supinantā saṅghādiseso”ti.‘Intentional emission of semen, except while dreaming, is an offense entailing suspension.’”

2.2.0Definitions

2.2.1SañcetanikātiIntentional:
2.2.2jānanto sañjānanto cecca abhivitaritvā vītikkamo.knowing, perceiving, having intended, having decided, he transgresses.
2.2.3SukkantiSemen:
2.2.4dasa sukkāni—there are ten kinds of semen:2.2.5nīlaṁ pītakaṁ lohitakaṁ odātaṁ takkavaṇṇaṁ dakavaṇṇaṁ telavaṇṇaṁ khīravaṇṇaṁ dadhivaṇṇaṁ sappivaṇṇaṁ.blue, yellow, red, white, the color of buttermilk, the color of water, the color of oil, the color of milk, the color of curd, the color of ghee.
2.2.6VissaṭṭhītiEmission:
2.2.7ṭhānato cāvanā vuccati vissaṭṭhīti.making it move from its base—this is what is meant by “emission”.
2.2.8Aññatra supinantātiExcept while dreaming:
2.2.9ṭhapetvā supinantaṁ.apart from that which occurs while dreaming.
2.2.10SaṅghādisesotiAn offense entailing suspension:
2.2.11saṅghova tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ deti, mūlāya paṭikassati, mānattaṁ deti, abbheti; na sambahulā, na ekapuggalo. Tena vuccati—“saṅghādiseso”ti.only the Sangha gives probation for that offense, sends back to the beginning, gives the trial period, and rehabilitates—not several monks, not an individual. Therefore it is called an offense entailing suspension.12.2.12Tasseva āpattinikāyassa nāmakammaṁ adhivacanaṁ. Tenapi vuccati—“saṅghādiseso”ti.This is the name and designation of this class of offense. Therefore, too, it is called an offense entailing suspension.

3.1.0.1Permutations

3.1.0.2Permutations part 1

3.1.0.3Summary

3.1.1PTS 3.113Ajjhattarūpe moceti,He emits by means of his own body.3.1.2bahiddhārūpe moceti,He emits by means of something external.3.1.3ajjhattabahiddhārūpe moceti,He emits both by means of his own body and by means of something external.3.1.4ākāse kaṭiṁ kampento moceti;He emits shaking the pelvis in the air.

3.1.5rāgūpatthambhe moceti,He emits because of stiffness due to sensual desire.3.1.6vaccūpatthambhe moceti,He emits because of stiffness due to feces.3.1.7passāvūpatthambhe moceti,He emits because of stiffness due to urine.3.1.8vātūpatthambhe moceti,He emits because of stiffness due to intestinal gas.3.1.9uccāliṅgapāṇakadaṭṭhūpatthambhe moceti;He emits because of stiffness due to being stung by caterpillars.

3.1.10ārogyatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of health.3.1.11sukhatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of pleasure.3.1.12bhesajjatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of medicine.3.1.13dānatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of a gift.3.1.14puññatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of merit.3.1.15yaññatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of sacrifice.3.1.16saggatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of heaven.3.1.17bījatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of seed.3.1.18vīmaṁsatthāya moceti,He emits for the sake of investigating.3.1.19davatthāya moceti;He emits for the sake of fun.

3.1.20nīlaṁ moceti,He emits blue.3.1.21pītakaṁ moceti,He emits yellow.3.1.22lohitakaṁ moceti,He emits red.3.1.23odātaṁ moceti,He emits white.3.1.24takkavaṇṇaṁ moceti,He emits the color of buttermilk.3.1.25dakavaṇṇaṁ moceti,He emits the color of water.3.1.26telavaṇṇaṁ moceti,He emits the color of oil.3.1.27khīravaṇṇaṁ moceti,He emits the color of milk.3.1.28dadhivaṇṇaṁ moceti,He emits the color of curd.3.1.29sappivaṇṇaṁ moceti.He emits the color of ghee.

3.2.0Definitions

3.2.1AjjhattarūpetiBy means of his own body:
3.2.2ajjhattaṁ upādinne rūpe.by means of his own organic body.
3.2.3BahiddhārūpetiBy means of something external:
3.2.4bahiddhā upādinne vā anupādinne vā.by means of something organic or inorganic, externally.
3.2.5AjjhattabahiddhārūpetiBoth by means of his own body and by means of something external:
3.2.6tadubhaye.by means of both.
3.2.7Ākāse kaṭiṁ kampentotiShaking the pelvis in the air:
3.2.8ākāse vāyamantassa aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one making an effort in the air, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.9RāgūpatthambhetiBecause of stiffness due to sensual desire:
3.2.10rāgena pīḷitassa aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one oppressed by sensual desire, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.11VaccūpatthambhetiBecause of stiffness due to feces:
3.2.12vaccena pīḷitassa aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one oppressed by feces, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.13PassāvūpatthambhetiBecause of stiffness due to urine:
3.2.14passāvena pīḷitassa aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one oppressed by urine, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.15VātūpatthambhetiBecause of stiffness due to intestinal gas:
3.2.16vātena pīḷitassa aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one oppressed by intestinal gas, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.17UccāliṅgapāṇakadaṭṭhūpatthambhetiBecause of stiffness due to being stung by caterpillars:
3.2.18uccāliṅgapāṇakadaṭṭhena aṅgajātaṁ kammaniyaṁ hoti.for one stung by caterpillars, the penis becomes erect.
3.2.19ĀrogyatthāyātiFor the sake of health:
3.2.20arogo bhavissāmi.thinking, “I’ll be healthy.”
3.2.21SukhatthāyātiFor the sake of pleasure:
3.2.22sukhaṁ vedanaṁ uppādessāmi.thinking, “I’ll produce a pleasant feeling.”
3.2.23BhesajjatthāyātiFor the sake of medicine:
3.2.24bhesajjaṁ bhavissati.thinking, “There will be medicine.”
3.2.25DānatthāyātiFor the sake of a gift:
3.2.26dānaṁ dassāmi.thinking, “I’ll give a gift.”
3.2.27PuññatthāyātiFor the sake of merit:
3.2.28puññaṁ bhavissati.thinking, “There will be merit.”
3.2.29YaññatthāyātiFor the sake of sacrifice:
3.2.30yaññaṁ yajissāmi.thinking, “I’ll offer a sacrifice.”
3.2.31SaggatthāyātiFor the sake of heaven:
3.2.32saggaṁ gamissāmi.thinking, “I’ll go to heaven.”
3.2.33BījatthāyātiFor the sake of seed:
3.2.34bījaṁ bhavissati.thinking, “There will be seed.”
3.2.35VīmaṁsatthāyātiFor the sake of investigating:
3.2.36nīlaṁ bhavissati, pītakaṁ bhavissati, lohitakaṁ bhavissati, odātaṁ bhavissati, takkavaṇṇaṁ bhavissati, dakavaṇṇaṁ bhavissati, telavaṇṇaṁ bhavissati, khīravaṇṇaṁ bhavissati, dadhivaṇṇaṁ bhavissati, sappivaṇṇaṁ bhavissatīti.thinking, “Will it be blue?”, “Will it be yellow?”, “Will it be red?”, “Will it be white?”, “Will it be the color of buttermilk?”, “Will it be the color of water?”, “Will it be the color of oil?”, “Will it be the color of milk?”, “Will it be the color of curd?”, “Will it be the color of ghee?”
3.2.37DavatthāyātiFor the sake of fun:
3.2.38khiḍḍādhippāyo.desiring to play.

3.3.0Exposition part 1

3.3.1Ajjhattarūpe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, by means of his own body, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.2Bahiddhārūpe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, by means of something external, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.3Ajjhattabahiddhārūpe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, both by means of his own body and by means of something external, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.4Ākāse kaṭiṁ kampento ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, shaking the pelvis in the air, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.5Rāgūpatthambhe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, when there is stiffness due to sensual desire, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.6Vaccūpatthambhe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, when there is stiffness due to feces, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.7Passāvūpatthambhe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, when there is stiffness due to urine, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.8Vātūpatthambhe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, when there is stiffness due to intestinal gas, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.9Uccāliṅgapāṇakadaṭṭhūpatthambhe ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, when there is stiffness due to being stung by caterpillars, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.10.0.1Exposition part 2

3.3.10.0.2A single purpose

3.3.10.1Ārogyatthāya ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of health, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.11Sukhatthāya …pe…If, for the sake of pleasure …3.3.12bhesajjatthāya …If, for the sake of medicine …3.3.13dānatthāya …If, for the sake of a gift …3.3.14puññatthāya …If, for the sake of merit …3.3.15yaññatthāya …If, for the sake of sacrifice …3.3.16saggatthāya …If, for the sake of heaven …3.3.17bījatthāya …If, for the sake of seed …3.3.18vīmaṁsatthāya …If, for the sake of investigating …3.3.19davatthāya ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.20.0One kind of semen

3.3.20.1Nīlaṁ ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.21Pītakaṁ …If he intends yellow …3.3.22lohitakaṁ …If he intends red …3.3.23odātaṁ …If he intends white …3.3.24takkavaṇṇaṁ …If he intends the color of buttermilk …3.3.25dakavaṇṇaṁ …If he intends the color of water …3.3.26telavaṇṇaṁ …If he intends the color of oil …3.3.27khīravaṇṇaṁ …If he intends the color of milk …3.3.28dadhivaṇṇaṁ …If he intends the color of curd …3.3.29sappivaṇṇaṁ ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.3.30Suddhikaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The basic series is finished.2

3.4.1.0Two purposes

3.4.1.1PTS 3.114Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.4.2Ārogyatthañca bhesajjatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of health and for the sake of medicine …3.4.3ārogyatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of a gift …3.4.4ārogyatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of merit …3.4.5ārogyatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of sacrifice …3.4.6ārogyatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of heaven …3.4.7ārogyatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of seed …3.4.8ārogyatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of health and for the sake of investigating …3.4.9ārogyatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of health and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.4.10Ekamūlakassa khaṇḍacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The unconnected permutation series based on one item is finished.3

3.5.1Sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.2Sukhatthañca dānatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of a gift …3.5.3sukhatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of merit …3.5.4sukhatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.5sukhatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of heaven …3.5.6sukhatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of seed …3.5.7sukhatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of investigating …3.5.8sukhatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.9Sukhatthañca ārogyatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of health, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.10Bhesajjatthañca dānatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of a gift …3.5.11bhesajjatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of merit …3.5.12bhesajjatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.13bhesajjatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of heaven …3.5.14bhesajjatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of seed …3.5.15bhesajjatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of investigating …3.5.16bhesajjatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.17Bhesajjatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of health …3.5.18bhesajjatthañca sukhatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of medicine and for the sake of pleasure, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.19Dānatthañca puññatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of merit …3.5.20dānatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.21dānatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of heaven …3.5.22dānatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of seed …3.5.23dānatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of investigating …3.5.24dānatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.25Dānatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of health …3.5.26dānatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.27dānatthañca bhesajjatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of a gift and for the sake of medicine, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.28Puññatthañca yaññatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.29puññatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of heaven …3.5.30puññatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of seed …3.5.31puññatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of investigating …3.5.32puññatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.33Puññatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of health …3.5.34puññatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.35puññatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of medicine …3.5.36puññatthañca dānatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of merit and for the sake of a gift, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.37Yaññatthañca saggatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of heaven …3.5.38yaññatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of seed …3.5.39yaññatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of investigating …3.5.40yaññatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.41Yaññatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of health …3.5.42yaññatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.43yaññatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of medicine …3.5.44yaññatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of a gift …3.5.45yaññatthañca puññatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of merit, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.46Saggatthañca bījatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of seed …3.5.47saggatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of investigating …3.5.48saggatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.49Saggatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of health …3.5.50saggatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.51saggatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of medicine …3.5.52saggatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of a gift …3.5.53saggatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of merit …3.5.54saggatthañca yaññatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of heaven and for the sake of sacrifice, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.55Bījatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of investigating …3.5.56bījatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.57Bījatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of health …3.5.58bījatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.59bījatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of medicine …3.5.60bījatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of a gift …3.5.61bījatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of merit …3.5.62bījatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.63bījatthañca saggatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of seed and for the sake of heaven, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.64Vīmaṁsatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.65Vīmaṁsatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of health …3.5.66vīmaṁsatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.67vīmaṁsatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of medicine …3.5.68vīmaṁsatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of a gift …3.5.69vīmaṁsatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of merit …3.5.70vīmaṁsatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.71vīmaṁsatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of heaven …3.5.72vīmaṁsatthañca bījatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of seed, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.73Davatthañca ārogyatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of health …3.5.74davatthañca sukhatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of pleasure …3.5.75davatthañca bhesajjatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of medicine …3.5.76davatthañca dānatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of a gift …3.5.77davatthañca puññatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of merit …3.5.78davatthañca yaññatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of sacrifice …3.5.79davatthañca saggatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of heaven …3.5.80davatthañca bījatthañca …If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of seed …3.5.81davatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of fun and for the sake of investigating, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.82Ekamūlakassa baddhacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The linked permutation series based on one item is finished.4

3.5.83.0Three purposes

3.5.83.1Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If, for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.5.84ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.85Dumūlakassa khaṇḍacakkaṁ.The unconnected permutation series based on two items is finished.

3.5.86Sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca dānatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and for the sake of a gift, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.5.87sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca davatthañca …pe…If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and for the sake of fun …3.5.88sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca ārogyatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and for the sake of health, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.89Dumūlakassa baddhacakkaṁ, saṅkhittaṁ.The linked permutation series based on two items in brief is finished.

3.5.90Vīmaṁsatthañca davatthañca ārogyatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of fun and for the sake of health, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.5.91vīmaṁsatthañca davatthañca bījatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of investigating and for the sake of fun and for the sake of seed, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.92Dumūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The section based on two items is finished.

3.5.93.0Four to nine purposes

3.5.93.1Timūlakampi catumūlakampi pañcamūlakampi chamūlakampi sattamūlakampi aṭṭhamūlakampi navamūlakampi evameva vitthāretabbaṁ.The sections based on three items, four items, five items, six items, seven items, eight items, and nine items are to be expanded in the same way.

3.5.94.0Ten purposes

3.5.94.1Idaṁ sabbamūlakaṁ.This is the section based on all items:

3.5.95Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca dānatthañca puññatthañca yaññatthañca saggatthañca bījatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca davatthañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If, for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and for the sake of a gift and for the sake of merit and for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of heaven and for the sake of seed and for the sake of investigating and for the sake of fun, he intends and makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.5.96Sabbamūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The section based on all items is finished.

3.6.0Two kinds of semen

3.6.1Nīlañca pītakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends blue and yellow, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.2Nīlañca lohitakañca …pe…If he intends blue and red …3.6.3nīlañca odātañca …If he intends blue and white …3.6.4nīlañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends blue and the color of buttermilk …3.6.5nīlañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends blue and the color of water …3.6.6nīlañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends blue and the color of oil …3.6.7nīlañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends blue and the color of milk …3.6.8nīlañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends blue and the color of curd …3.6.9nīlañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends blue and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.10Ekamūlakassa khaṇḍacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The unconnected permutation series based on one item is finished.

3.6.11Pītakañca lohitakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends yellow and red, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.12Pītakañca odātañca …pe…If he intends yellow and white …3.6.13pītakañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends yellow and the color of buttermilk …3.6.14pītakañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends yellow and the color of water …3.6.15pītakañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends yellow and the color of oil …3.6.16pītakañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends yellow and the color of milk …3.6.17pītakañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends yellow and the color of curd …3.6.18pītakañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends yellow and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.19Pītakañca nīlañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends yellow and blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.20Ekamūlakassa baddhacakkaṁ.The linked permutation series based on one item is finished.

3.6.21Lohitakañca odātañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends red and white, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.22Lohitakañca takkavaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends red and the color of buttermilk …3.6.23lohitakañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends red and the color of water …3.6.24lohitakañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends red and the color of oil …3.6.25lohitakañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends red and the color of milk …3.6.26lohitakañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends red and the color of curd …3.6.27lohitakañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends red and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.28Lohitakañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends red and blue …3.6.29lohitakañca pītakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends red and yellow, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.30Odātañca takkavaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends white and the color of buttermilk …3.6.31odātañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends white and the color of water …3.6.32odātañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends white and the color of oil …3.6.33odātañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends white and the color of milk …3.6.34odātañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends white and the color of curd …3.6.35odātañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends white and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.36Odātañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends white and blue …3.6.37odātañca pītakañca …If he intends white and yellow …3.6.38odātañca lohitakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends white and red, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.39Takkavaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends the color of buttermilk and the color of water …3.6.40takkavaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of buttermilk and the color of oil …3.6.41takkavaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of buttermilk and the color of milk …3.6.42takkavaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of buttermilk and the color of curd …3.6.43takkavaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of buttermilk and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.44Takkavaṇṇañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends the color of buttermilk and blue …3.6.45takkavaṇṇañca pītakañca …If he intends the color of buttermilk and yellow …3.6.46takkavaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of buttermilk and red …3.6.47takkavaṇṇañca odātañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of buttermilk and white, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.48Dakavaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends the color of water and the color of oil …3.6.49dakavaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of water and the color of milk …3.6.50dakavaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of water and the color of curd …3.6.51dakavaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of water and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.52Dakavaṇṇañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends the color of water and blue …3.6.53dakavaṇṇañca pītakañca …If he intends the color of water and yellow …3.6.54dakavaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of water and red …3.6.55dakavaṇṇañca odātañca …If he intends the color of water and white …3.6.56dakavaṇṇañca takkavaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of water and the color of buttermilk, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.57Telavaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends the color of oil and the color of milk …3.6.58telavaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of oil and the color of curd …3.6.59telavaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of oil and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.60Telavaṇṇañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends the color of oil and blue …3.6.61telavaṇṇañca pītakañca …If he intends the color of oil and yellow …3.6.62telavaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of oil and red …3.6.63telavaṇṇañca odātañca …If he intends the color of oil and white …3.6.64telavaṇṇañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of oil and the color of buttermilk …3.6.65telavaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of oil and the color of water, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.66Khīravaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends the color of milk and the color of curd …3.6.67khīravaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of milk and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.68Khīravaṇṇañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends the color of milk and blue …3.6.69khīravaṇṇañca pītakañca …If he intends the color of milk and yellow …3.6.70khīravaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of milk and red …3.6.71khīravaṇṇañca odātañca …If he intends the color of milk and white …3.6.72khīravaṇṇañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of milk and the color of buttermilk …3.6.73khīravaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of milk and the color of water …3.6.74khīravaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of milk and the color of oil, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.75Dadhivaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of curd and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.76Dadhivaṇṇañca nīlañca …pe…If he intends the color of curd and blue …3.6.77dadhivaṇṇañca pītakañca …If he intends the color of curd and yellow …3.6.78dadhivaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of curd and red …3.6.79dadhivaṇṇañca odātañca …If he intends the color of curd and white …3.6.80dadhivaṇṇañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of curd and the color of buttermilk …3.6.81dadhivaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of curd and the color of water …3.6.82dadhivaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of curd and the color of oil …3.6.83dadhivaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of curd and the color of milk, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.84Sappivaṇṇañca nīlañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of ghee and blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.85Sappivaṇṇañca pītakañca …pe…If he intends the color of ghee and yellow …3.6.86sappivaṇṇañca lohitakañca …If he intends the color of ghee and red …3.6.87sappivaṇṇañca odātañca …If he intends the color of ghee and white …3.6.88sappivaṇṇañca takkavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of ghee and the color of buttermilk …3.6.89sappivaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of ghee and the color of water …3.6.90sappivaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of ghee and the color of oil …3.6.91sappivaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca …If he intends the color of ghee and the color of milk …3.6.92sappivaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of ghee and the color of curd, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.93Ekamūlakassa baddhacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The linked permutation series based on one item is finished.

3.6.94.0Three kinds of semen

3.6.94.1Nīlañca pītakañca lohitakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If he intends blue and yellow and red, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.6.95nīlañca pītakañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends blue and yellow and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.96Dumūlakassa khaṇḍacakkaṁ.The unconnected permutation series based on two items is finished.

3.6.97Pītakañca lohitakañca odātañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If he intends yellow and red and white, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.6.98pītakañca lohitakañca sappivaṇṇañca …pe…If he intends yellow and red and the color of ghee …3.6.99pītakañca lohitakañca nīlañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends yellow and red and blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.100Dumūlakassa baddhacakkaṁ, saṅkhittaṁ.The linked permutation series based on two items in brief is finished.

3.6.101Dadhivaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca nīlañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…If he intends the color of curd and the color of ghee and blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension. …3.6.102dadhivaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends the color of curd and the color of ghee and the color of milk, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.103Dumūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The section based on two items is finished.

3.6.104.0Four to nine kinds of semen

3.6.104.1Timūlakampi catumūlakampi pañcamūlakampi chamūlakampi sattamūlakampi aṭṭhamūlakampi navamūlakampi evameva vitthāretabbaṁ.The sections based on three items, four items, five items, six items, seven items, eight items, and nine items are to be expanded in the same way.

3.6.105.0Ten kinds of semen

3.6.105.1Idaṁ sabbamūlakaṁ.This is the section based on all items:

3.6.106Nīlañca pītakañca lohitakañca odātañca takkavaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends blue and yellow and red and white and the color of buttermilk and the color of water and the color of oil and the color of milk and the color of curd and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.6.107Sabbamūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The section based on all items is finished.

3.7.0Purposes combined with kinds of semen

3.7.1Ārogyatthañca nīlañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends for the sake of health and blue, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.7.2Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca nīlañca pītakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and blue and yellow, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.7.3Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca nīlañca pītakañca lohitakañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and blue and yellow and red, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.7.4(Ubhatovaḍḍhakaṁ evameva vaḍḍhetabbaṁ.)(In this way both aspects are to be expanded.)

3.7.5PTS 3.115Ārogyatthañca sukhatthañca bhesajjatthañca dānatthañca puññatthañca yaññatthañca saggatthañca bījatthañca vīmaṁsatthañca davatthañca nīlañca pītakañca lohitakañca odātañca takkavaṇṇañca dakavaṇṇañca telavaṇṇañca khīravaṇṇañca dadhivaṇṇañca sappivaṇṇañca ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends for the sake of health and for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of medicine and for the sake of a gift and for the sake of merit and for the sake of sacrifice and for the sake of heaven and for the sake of seed and for the sake of investigating and for the sake of fun and blue and yellow and red and white and the color of buttermilk and the color of water and the color of oil and the color of milk and the color of curd and the color of ghee, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.7.6Missakacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The mixed permutation series is finished.

3.8.0Intending one kind of semen, emitting another kind

3.8.1Nīlaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati pītakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit blue,” makes an effort, and yellow is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.2Nīlaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati lohitakaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit blue,” makes an effort, and red is emitted …3.8.3odātaṁ …white …3.8.4takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.8.5dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.8.6telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.8.7khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.8.8dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.8.9sappivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of ghee is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.10Khaṇḍacakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The unconnected permutation series is finished.

3.8.11Pītakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati lohitakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit yellow,” makes an effort, and red is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.12Pītakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati odātaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit yellow,” makes an effort, and white is emitted …3.8.13takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.8.14dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.8.15telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.8.16khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.8.17dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.8.18sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.8.19nīlaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.blue is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.20Baddhacakkamūlaṁ saṅkhittaṁ.The basis of the linked permutation series in brief is finished.

3.8.21(…) Sappivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati nīlaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.… If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of ghee,” makes an effort, and blue is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.22Sappivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati pītakaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of ghee,” makes an effort, and yellow is emitted …3.8.23lohitakaṁ …red …3.8.24odātaṁ …white …3.8.25takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.8.26dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.8.27telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.8.28khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.8.29dadhivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of curd is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.8.30Kucchicakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The core permutation series is finished.5

3.9.1Pītakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati nīlaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit yellow,” makes an effort, and blue is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.2Lohitakaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit red …3.9.3odātaṁ …white …3.9.4takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.5dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.6telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.7khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.8dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.9sappivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati nīlaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of ghee,” makes an effort, and blue is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.10Piṭṭhicakkassa paṭhamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The first round of the additional permutation series is finished.6

3.9.11Lohitakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati pītakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit red,” makes an effort, and yellow is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.12Odātaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit white …3.9.13takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.14dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.15telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.16khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.17dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.18sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.19nīlaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati pītakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.blue,” makes an effort, and yellow is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.20Piṭṭhicakkassa dutiyaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The second round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.21Odātaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati lohitakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit white,” makes an effort, and red is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.22Takkavaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of buttermilk …3.9.23dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.24telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.25khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.26dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.27sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.28nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.29pītakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati lohitakaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.yellow,” makes an effort, and red is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.30Piṭṭhicakkassa tatiyaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The third round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.31Takkavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati odātaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of buttermilk,” makes an effort, and white is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.32Dakavaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of water …3.9.33telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.34khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.35dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.36sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.37nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.38pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.39lohitakaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati odātaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.red,” makes an effort, and white is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.40Piṭṭhicakkassa catutthaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The fourth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.41Dakavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati takkavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of water,” makes an effort, and the color of buttermilk is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.42Telavaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of oil …3.9.43khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.44dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.45sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.46nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.47pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.48lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.49odātaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati takkavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.white,” makes an effort, and the color of buttermilk is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.50Piṭṭhicakkassa pañcamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The fifth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.51Telavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati dakavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of oil,” makes an effort, and the color of water is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.52Khīravaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of milk …3.9.53dadhivaṇṇaṁ …the color of curd …3.9.54sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.55nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.56pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.57lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.58odātaṁ …white …3.9.59takkavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati dakavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of buttermilk,” makes an effort, and the color of water is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.60Piṭṭhicakkassa chaṭṭhaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The sixth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.61Khīravaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati telavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of milk,” makes an effort, and the color of oil is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.62Dadhivaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of curd …3.9.63sappivaṇṇaṁ …the color of ghee …3.9.64nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.65pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.66lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.67odātaṁ …white …3.9.68takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.69dakavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati telavaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of water,” makes an effort, and the color of oil is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.70Piṭṭhicakkassa sattamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The seventh round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.71Dadhivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati khīravaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of curd,” makes an effort, and the color of milk is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.72Sappivaṇṇaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of ghee …3.9.73nīlaṁ …blue …3.9.74pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.75lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.76odātaṁ …white …3.9.77takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.78dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.79telavaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati khīravaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of oil,” makes an effort, and the color of milk is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.80Piṭṭhicakkassa aṭṭhamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The eighth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.81Sappivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati dadhivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit the color of ghee,” makes an effort, and the color of curd is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.82Nīlaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit blue …3.9.83pītakaṁ …yellow …3.9.84lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.85odātaṁ …white …3.9.86takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.87dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.88telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.89khīravaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati dadhivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of milk,” makes an effort, and the color of curd is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.90Piṭṭhicakkassa navamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The ninth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.91Nīlaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati sappivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, “I’ll emit blue,” makes an effort, and the color of ghee is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.92Pītakaṁ …pe…If he intends, “I’ll emit yellow …3.9.93lohitakaṁ …red …3.9.94odātaṁ …white …3.9.95takkavaṇṇaṁ …the color of buttermilk …3.9.96dakavaṇṇaṁ …the color of water …3.9.97telavaṇṇaṁ …the color of oil …3.9.98khīravaṇṇaṁ …the color of milk …3.9.99dadhivaṇṇaṁ mocessāmīti ceteti upakkamati sappivaṇṇaṁ muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.the color of curd,” makes an effort, and the color of ghee is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

3.9.100Piṭṭhicakkassa dasamaṁ gamanaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The tenth round of the additional permutation series is finished.

3.9.101Piṭṭhicakkaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.The additional permutation series is finished.

4.0Permutations part 2

4.1PTS 3.116Ceteti upakkamati muccati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.If he intends, makes an effort, and semen is emitted, he commits an offense entailing suspension.

4.2Ceteti upakkamati na muccati, āpatti thullaccayassa.If he intends, makes an effort, but semen is not emitted, he commits a serious offense.

4.3Ceteti na upakkamati muccati, anāpatti.If he intends, but does not make an effort, yet semen is emitted, there is no offense.

4.4Ceteti na upakkamati na muccati, anāpatti.If he intends, but does not make an effort, nor is semen emitted, there is no offense.

4.5Na ceteti upakkamati muccati, anāpatti.If he does not intend, but makes an effort, and semen is emitted, there is no offense.

4.6Na ceteti upakkamati na muccati, anāpatti.If he does not intend, but makes an effort, yet semen is not emitted, there is no offense.

4.7Na ceteti na upakkamati muccati, anāpatti.If he does not intend, nor make an effort, yet semen is emitted, there is no offense.

4.8Na ceteti na upakkamati na muccati, anāpatti.If he does not intend, nor make an effort, nor is semen emitted, there is no offense.

4.9.0Non-offenses

4.9.1Anāpatti—There is no offense:4.10supinantena,if it is while dreaming;4.11namocanādhippāyassa,if he is not aiming at emission;4.12ummattakassa,if he is insane;4.13khittacittassa,if he is deranged;4.14vedanāṭṭassa,if he is overwhelmed by pain;4.15ādikammikassāti.if he is the first offender.

4.161.1. VinītavatthuuddānagāthāSummary verses of case studies

4.17Supinoccārapassāvo,“Dream, feces, urine,4.18vitakkuṇhodakena ca;Thought, and with warm water;4.19Bhesajjaṁ kaṇḍuvaṁ maggo,Medicine, scratching, path,4.20vatthi jantāgharupakkamo.Foreskin, sauna, massage.

4.21Sāmaṇero ca sutto ca,Novice, and asleep,4.22ūru muṭṭhinā pīḷayi;Thigh, pressed with the fist;4.23Ākāse thambhaṁ nijjhāyi,In the air, rigid, staring,4.24chiddaṁ kaṭṭhena ghaṭṭayi.Keyhole, rubbed with wood.

4.25Soto udañjalaṁ dhāvaṁ,Current, mud, running,4.26pupphāvaliyaṁ pokkharaṁ;Mud play, lotus;4.27Vālikā kaddamusseko,Sand, mud, pouring,74.28sayanaṅguṭṭhakena cāti.Bed, and with the thumb.”

5.1.01.2. VinītavatthuCase studies

5.1.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno supinantena asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk had an emission of semen while dreaming.5.1.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi—He became anxious, thinking,5.1.3“bhagavatā sikkhāpadaṁ paññattaṁ, kacci nu kho ahaṁ saṅghādisesaṁ āpattiṁ āpanno”ti?“The Buddha has laid down a training rule. Could it be that I’ve committed an offense entailing suspension?”5.1.4Bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesi.He told the Buddha, who said,5.1.5“Anāpatti, bhikkhu, supinantenā”ti.“There’s no offense when it occurs while dreaming.”

5.2.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno uccāraṁ karontassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was defecating, and semen was emitted.5.2.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.2.3“kiṁcitto tvaṁ, bhikkhū”ti?“What were you thinking, monk?”

5.2.4“Nāhaṁ, bhagavā, mocanādhippāyo”ti.“I wasn’t aiming at emission, sir.”

5.2.5“Anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.2.6Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno passāvaṁ karontassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was urinating, and semen was emitted.5.2.7Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.2.8“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.3.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno kāmavitakkaṁ vitakkentassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was thinking a worldly thought, and semen was emitted.5.3.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.3.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, vitakkentassā”ti.“There’s no offense for one thinking a worldly thought.”

5.4.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno uṇhodakena nhāyantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was bathing in warm water, and semen was emitted.5.4.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.4.3“kiṁcitto tvaṁ, bhikkhū”ti?“What were you thinking, monk?”

5.4.4“Nāhaṁ, bhagavā, mocanādhippāyo”ti.“I wasn’t aiming at emission, sir.”

5.4.5“Anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.4.6PTS 3.117Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa uṇhodakena nhāyantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk bathed in warm water aiming at emission, and semen was emitted.5.4.7Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.4.8“āpattiṁ tvaṁ, bhikkhu, āpanno saṅghādisesan”ti.“You’ve committed an offense entailing suspension.”

5.4.9Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa uṇhodakena nhāyantassa asuci na mucci.On one occasion a monk bathed in warm water aiming at emission, but semen was not emitted.5.4.10Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.4.11“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.4.12āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.5.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno aṅgajāte vaṇo hoti.At one time a monk had a sore on his penis.5.5.2Bhesajjena ālimpentassa asuci mucci.While he was applying medicine, semen was emitted.5.5.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.5.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.5.5Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno aṅgajāte vaṇo hoti.At one time a monk had a sore on his penis.5.5.6Mocanādhippāyassa bhesajjena ālimpentassa asuci mucci …pe…He applied medicine aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.5.7asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.5.8Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.5.9“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.5.10āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.6.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno aṇḍaṁ kaṇḍuvantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk scratched his scrotum, and semen was emitted.5.6.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.6.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.6.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa aṇḍaṁ kaṇḍuvantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk scratched his scrotum aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.6.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.6.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.6.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.6.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.7.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno maggaṁ gacchantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was walking along a path, and semen was emitted.5.7.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.7.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.7.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa maggaṁ gacchantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk walked along a path aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.7.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.7.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.7.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.7.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.8.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno vatthiṁ gahetvā passāvaṁ karontassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk took hold of his foreskin, urinated, and semen was emitted.85.8.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.8.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa vatthiṁ gahetvā passāvaṁ karontassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, took hold of his foreskin, urinated, and semen was emitted. …5.8.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.8.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.8.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.8.9Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno jantāghare udaravaṭṭiṁ tāpentassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was having his belly heated in the sauna, and semen was emitted.5.8.10Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.11“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.8.12Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa jantāghare udaravaṭṭiṁ tāpentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, had his belly heated in the sauna, and semen was emitted. …5.8.13asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.8.14Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.15“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.8.16āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.8.17Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno jantāghare upajjhāyassa piṭṭhiparikammaṁ karontassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk massaged his preceptor’s back in the sauna, and semen was emitted.5.8.18Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.19“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.8.20Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa jantāghare upajjhāyassa piṭṭhiparikammaṁ karontassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, massaged his preceptor’s back in the sauna, and semen was emitted. …5.8.21asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.8.22Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.23“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.8.24āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.8.25Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno ūruṁ ghaṭṭāpentassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was having his thigh massaged, and semen was emitted.5.8.26Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.27“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.8.28Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa ūruṁ ghaṭṭāpentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, had his thigh massaged, and semen was emitted. …5.8.29asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.8.30Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.8.31“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.8.32āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.9.1Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu mocanādhippāyo aññataraṁ sāmaṇeraṁ etadavoca—On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, said to a novice,5.9.2“ehi me tvaṁ, āvuso sāmaṇera, aṅgajātaṁ gaṇhāhī”ti.“Take hold of my penis.”5.9.3So tassa aṅgajātaṁ aggahesi.The novice took hold of his penis,5.9.4Tasseva asuci mucci.and the monk emitted semen.5.9.5Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.9.6“āpattiṁ tvaṁ, bhikkhu, āpanno saṅghādisesan”ti.“There’s an offense entailing suspension.”

5.9.7PTS 3.118Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu suttassa sāmaṇerassa aṅgajātaṁ aggahesi.On one occasion a monk took hold of the penis of a sleeping novice,95.9.8Tasseva asuci mucci.and the monk emitted semen.5.9.9Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.9.10“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.9.11āpatti dukkaṭassā”ti.but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.”

5.10.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa ūrūhi aṅgajātaṁ pīḷentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk pressed his penis between his thighs aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.10.2asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.10.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.10.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.10.5āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.10.6Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa muṭṭhinā aṅgajātaṁ pīḷentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk pressed his penis with his fist aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.10.7asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.10.8Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.10.9“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.10.10āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.10.11Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa ākāse kaṭiṁ kampentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk shook his pelvis in the air aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.10.12asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.10.13Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.10.14“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.10.15āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.11.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno kāyaṁ thambhentassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk made his body rigid, and semen was emitted.5.11.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.11.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.11.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa kāyaṁ thambhentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk made his body rigid aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.11.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.11.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.11.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.11.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.12.1Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu sāratto mātugāmassa aṅgajātaṁ upanijjhāyi.On one occasion a lustful monk stared at a woman’s genitals,5.12.2Tassa asuci mucci.and semen was emitted.5.12.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.12.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa.“There’s no offense entailing suspension.5.12.5Na ca, bhikkhave, sārattena mātugāmassa aṅgajātaṁ upanijjhāyitabbaṁ.But you should not stare at a woman’s genitals motivated by lust.5.12.6Yo upanijjhāyeyya, āpatti dukkaṭassā”ti.If you do, you commit an offense of wrong conduct.”

5.13.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa tāḷacchiddaṁ aṅgajātaṁ pavesentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk inserted his penis into a keyhole aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.13.2asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.13.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.13.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.13.5āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.14.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa kaṭṭhena aṅgajātaṁ ghaṭṭentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk rubbed his penis with a piece of wood aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.14.2asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.14.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.14.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.14.5āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.15.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno paṭisote nhāyantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk bathed against the current, and semen was emitted.5.15.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.15.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.15.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa paṭisote nhāyantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk bathed against the current aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.15.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.15.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.15.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.15.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.16.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno udañjalaṁ kīḷantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was playing in mud, and semen was emitted.5.16.2Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.3“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.16.4Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa udañjalaṁ kīḷantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk played in mud aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.16.5asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.16.6Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.7“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.16.8āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.16.9Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno udake dhāvantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk ran in water, and semen was emitted.5.16.10Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.11“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.16.12Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa udake dhāvantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk ran in water aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.16.13asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.16.14Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.15“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.16.16āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.16.17Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno pupphāvaliyaṁ kīḷantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was playing by sliding in the mud, and semen was emitted.105.16.18Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.19“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.16.20Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa pupphāvaliyaṁ kīḷantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk, aiming at emission, was playing by sliding in the mud, and semen was emitted. …5.16.21asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.16.22Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.23“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.16.24āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.16.25Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno pokkharavane dhāvantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk was running in a lotus grove, and semen was emitted.5.16.26Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.27“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.16.28Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa pokkharavane dhāvantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk ran in a lotus grove aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.16.29asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.16.30Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.16.31“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.16.32āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.1Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa vālikaṁ aṅgajātaṁ pavesentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk inserted his penis into sand aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.17.2asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.17.3Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.17.4“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.17.5āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.6PTS 3.119Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa kaddamaṁ aṅgajātaṁ pavesentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk inserted his penis into mud aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.17.7asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.17.8Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.17.9“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.17.10āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.11Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno udakena aṅgajātaṁ osiñcantassa asuci mucci.On one occasion a monk poured water on his penis, and semen was emitted.5.17.12Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.17.13“anāpatti, bhikkhu, namocanādhippāyassā”ti.“There’s no offense if one isn’t aiming at emission.”

5.17.14Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa udakena aṅgajātaṁ osiñcantassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk poured water on his penis aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.17.15asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.17.16Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.17.17“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.17.18āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.19Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa sayane aṅgajātaṁ ghaṭṭentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk rubbed his penis against his bed aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.17.20asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.17.21Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi …pe…He became anxious …5.17.22“anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.17.23āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.24Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa bhikkhuno mocanādhippāyassa aṅguṭṭhena aṅgajātaṁ ghaṭṭentassa asuci mucci …pe…On one occasion a monk rubbed his penis with his thumb aiming at emission, and semen was emitted. …5.17.25asuci na mucci.semen was not emitted.5.17.26Tassa kukkuccaṁ ahosi—He became anxious, thinking,5.17.27“bhagavatā sikkhāpadaṁ paññattaṁ,“The Buddha has laid down a training rule.5.17.28kacci nu kho ahaṁ saṅghādisesaṁ āpattiṁ āpanno”ti?Could it be that I’ve committed an offense entailing suspension?”5.17.29Bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesi.He told the Buddha, who said,5.17.30“Anāpatti, bhikkhu, saṅghādisesassa;“There’s no offense entailing suspension,5.17.31āpatti thullaccayassā”ti.but there’s a serious offense.”

5.17.32Sukkavissaṭṭhisikkhāpadaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ paṭhamaṁ.The training rule on masturbation, the first, is finished.

Translator’s notes

  1. “Gives the trial period” renders mānattaṁ deti. For the meaning of mānatta see Bhikkhu Ñāṇatusita, “Analysis of the Bhikkhu Pātimokkha”, p. 123.

    The point here, which can only be understood from the Pali, is that the word saṅghādisesa (saṅgha + ādisesa) is derived from the fact that only the saṅgha can do the legal procedures required when a monastic commits this offense.

    “Several” renders sambahula. See Appendix of Technical Terms for a discussion of this rendering.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:2.2.11

  2. “Basic series” renders suddhika, which is a technical term used to create sections for long permutation series. See suddhika in Appendix of Specialized Vocabulary for details.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:3.3.30

  3. For these section-ending terms, see Appendix of Specialized Vocabulary under mūlaka, khaṇḍa, and cakka.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:3.4.10

  4. For these section-ending terms, see Appendix of Specialized Vocabulary under mūlaka, baddha, and cakka.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:3.5.82

  5. For these section-ending terms, see Appendix of Specialized Vocabulary under kucchi and cakka.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:3.8.30

  6. See Appendix of Specialized Vocabulary under piṭṭhi, cakka, and gamana.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:3.9.10

  7. “Pouring” renders usseko, which I take to be related to seka, perhaps via the prefix ud.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:4.27

  8. Vmv 1.264: Vatthinti aṅgajātasīsacchādakacammaṁ, “Vatthi: the skin covering the head of the penis.”

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:5.8.1

  9. Bhikkhu Ṭhānissaro argues in “The Buddhist Monastic Code I”, page 105, that it was the novice monk who emitted semen. But these rules concern monks, not novices. In the present case the Buddha specifically says that there is no offense of saṅghādisesa, which would make no sense if it referred to the novice monk. Bhikkhu Ṭhānissaro argues that his reading is required, otherwise we are forced to conclude that saṅghādisesa offenses can be incurred by indirect stimulation. Yet the cases found here are widely diverging. It is not a given that they must all, even potentially, give rise to a saṅghādisesa.

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:5.9.7

  10. Sp-ṭ 1.267: Pupphāvalīti kīḷāvisesassādhivacanaṁ. Taṁ kīḷantā nadīādīsu chinnataṭaṁ udakena cikkhallaṁ katvā tattha ubho pāde pasāretvā nisinnā papatanti, “Pupphāvalīti: it is an expression for a kind of game. Playing it in rivers, etc., having made a muddy, steep slope with water, having extended both feet right there, they sit and slide down.”

    ↩ pli-tv-bu-vb-ss1:5.16.17