1.1PTS 4.173“Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, cattāro āsīvisā uggatejā ghoravisā.“Mendicants, suppose there were four venomous vipers of awesome might.¹1.2Atha puriso āgaccheyya jīvitukāmo amaritukāmo sukhakāmo dukkhappaṭikūlo.Then a person would come along who wants to live and doesn’t want to die, who wants to be happy and recoils from pain.

1.3Tamenaṁ evaṁ vadeyyuṁ:They’d say to him,1.4‘ime te, ambho purisa, cattāro āsīvisā uggatejā ghoravisā kālena kālaṁ vuṭṭhāpetabbā, kālena kālaṁ nhāpetabbā, kālena kālaṁ bhojetabbā, kālena kālaṁ saṁvesetabbā.‘My man, here are four venomous vipers of awesome might. They must be periodically picked up, washed, fed, and put to sleep.1.5Yadā ca kho te, ambho purisa, imesaṁ catunnaṁ āsīvisānaṁ uggatejānaṁ ghoravisānaṁ aññataro vā aññataro vā kuppissati, tato tvaṁ, ambho purisa, maraṇaṁ vā nigacchasi, maraṇamattaṁ vā dukkhaṁ.But when one or other of these four venomous vipers gets angry with you, you’ll meet with death or deadly pain.1.6Yaṁ te, ambho purisa, karaṇīyaṁ taṁ karohī’ti.So then, my man, do what has to be done.’

2.1Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso bhīto catunnaṁ āsīvisānaṁ uggatejānaṁ ghoravisānaṁ yena vā tena vā palāyetha.Then that man, terrified of those four venomous vipers, would flee this way or that.

2.2Tamenaṁ evaṁ vadeyyuṁ:They’d say to him,2.3‘ime kho, ambho purisa, pañca vadhakā paccatthikā piṭṭhito piṭṭhito anubandhā, yattheva naṁ passissāma tattheva jīvitā voropessāmāti.‘My man, there are five deadly enemies chasing you, thinking: “When we catch sight of him, we’ll murder him right there!”2.4Yaṁ te, ambho purisa, karaṇīyaṁ taṁ karohī’ti.So then, my man, do what has to be done.’

3.1Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso bhīto catunnaṁ āsīvisānaṁ uggatejānaṁ ghoravisānaṁ, bhīto pañcannaṁ vadhakānaṁ paccatthikānaṁ yena vā tena vā palāyetha.Then that man, terrified of those four venomous vipers and those five deadly enemies, would flee this way or that.

3.2Tamenaṁ evaṁ vadeyyuṁ:They’d say to him,3.3‘ayaṁ te, ambho purisa, chaṭṭho antaracaro vadhako ukkhittāsiko piṭṭhito piṭṭhito anubandho yattheva naṁ passissāmi tattheva siro pātessāmīti.‘My man, there’s a sixth hidden killer chasing you with a drawn sword, thinking: “When I catch sight of him, I’ll chop off his head right there!”3.4Yaṁ te, ambho purisa, karaṇīyaṁ taṁ karohī’ti.So then, my man, do what has to be done.’

4.1Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso bhīto catunnaṁ āsīvisānaṁ uggatejānaṁ ghoravisānaṁ, bhīto pañcannaṁ vadhakānaṁ paccatthikānaṁ, bhīto chaṭṭhassa antaracarassa vadhakassa ukkhittāsikassa yena vā tena vā palāyetha.Then that man, terrified of those four venomous vipers and those five deadly enemies and the hidden killer, would flee this way or that.

4.2So passeyya suññaṁ gāmaṁ.He’d see an empty village.4.3Yaññadeva gharaṁ paviseyya rittakaññeva paviseyya tucchakaññeva paviseyya suññakaññeva paviseyya.But whatever house he enters is vacant, deserted, and empty.4.4Yaññadeva bhājanaṁ parimaseyya rittakaññeva parimaseyya tucchakaññeva parimaseyya suññakaññeva parimaseyya.And whatever vessel he touches is vacant, hollow, and empty.

4.5Tamenaṁ evaṁ vadeyyuṁ:They’d say to him,4.6‘idāni, ambho purisa, imaṁ suññaṁ gāmaṁ corā gāmaghātakā pavisanti.‘My man, there are bandits who raid villages, and they’re striking now.4.7Yaṁ te, ambho purisa, karaṇīyaṁ taṁ karohī’ti.So then, my man, do what has to be done.’

5.1PTS 4.174Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso bhīto catunnaṁ āsīvisānaṁ uggatejānaṁ ghoravisānaṁ, bhīto pañcannaṁ vadhakānaṁ paccatthikānaṁ, bhīto chaṭṭhassa antaracarassa vadhakassa ukkhittāsikassa, bhīto corānaṁ gāmaghātakānaṁ yena vā tena vā palāyetha.Then that man, terrified of those four venomous vipers and those five deadly enemies and the hidden killer and the bandits, would flee this way or that.

5.2So passeyya mahantaṁ udakaṇṇavaṁ orimaṁ tīraṁ sāsaṅkaṁ sappaṭibhayaṁ, pārimaṁ tīraṁ khemaṁ appaṭibhayaṁ.He’d see a large deluge, whose near shore is dubious and perilous, while the far shore is a sanctuary free of peril.5.3Na cassa nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārā pāraṁ gamanāya.But there’s no ferryboat or bridge for crossing over.

5.4Atha kho, bhikkhave, tassa purisassa evamassa:Then that man would think,5.5‘ayaṁ kho mahāudakaṇṇavo orimaṁ tīraṁ sāsaṅkaṁ sappaṭibhayaṁ, pārimaṁ tīraṁ khemaṁ appaṭibhayaṁ, natthi ca nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārā pāraṁ gamanāya.5.6Yannūnāhaṁ tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṁ saṅkaḍḍhitvā kullaṁ bandhitvā taṁ kullaṁ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṁ gaccheyyan’ti.‘Why don’t I gather grass, sticks, branches, and leaves and make a raft? Riding on the raft, and paddling with my hands and feet, I can safely reach the far shore.’

6.1Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṁ saṅkaḍḍhitvā kullaṁ bandhitvā taṁ kullaṁ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṁ gaccheyya, tiṇṇo pāraṅgato thale tiṭṭhati brāhmaṇo.And so that man did exactly that. Having crossed over and gone to the far shore, the brahmin stands on solid ground.

7.1Upamā kho myāyaṁ, bhikkhave, katā atthassa viññāpanāya.I’ve made up this simile to make a point.7.2Ayañcettha attho—And this is the point.

7.3cattāro āsīvisā uggatejā ghoravisāti kho, bhikkhave, catunnetaṁ mahābhūtānaṁ adhivacanaṁ—‘Four venomous vipers of awesome might’ is a term for the four principal states:7.4pathavīdhātuyā, āpodhātuyā, tejodhātuyā, vāyodhātuyā.the elements of earth, water, fire, and air.

8.1Pañca vadhakā paccatthikāti kho, bhikkhave, pañcannetaṁ upādānakkhandhānaṁ adhivacanaṁ, seyyathidaṁ—‘Five deadly enemies’ is a term for the five grasping aggregates, that is:8.2rūpupādānakkhandhassa, vedanupādānakkhandhassa, saññupādānakkhandhassa, saṅkhārupādānakkhandhassa, viññāṇupādānakkhandhassa.form, feeling, perception, choices, and consciousness.

9.1Chaṭṭho antaracaro vadhako ukkhittāsikoti kho, bhikkhave, nandīrāgassetaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘The sixth hidden killer with a drawn sword’ is a term for relishing and greed.

10.1PTS 4.175Suñño gāmoti kho, bhikkhave, channetaṁ ajjhattikānaṁ āyatanānaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘Empty village’ is a term for the six interior sense fields.10.2Cakkhuto cepi naṁ, bhikkhave, paṇḍito byatto medhāvī upaparikkhati rittakaññeva khāyati, tucchakaññeva khāyati, suññakaññeva khāyati …pe…If an astute, competent, intelligent person investigates that in relation to the eye, it appears vacant, hollow, and empty.²10.3jivhāto cepi naṁ, bhikkhave …pe…If an astute, competent, intelligent person investigates that in relation to the ear … nose … tongue … body …10.4manato cepi naṁ, bhikkhave, paṇḍito byatto medhāvī upaparikkhati rittakaññeva khāyati, tucchakaññeva khāyati, suññakaññeva khāyati.mind, it appears vacant, hollow, and empty.

11.1Corā gāmaghātakāti kho, bhikkhave, channetaṁ bāhirānaṁ āyatanānaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘Bandits who raid villages’ is a term for the six exterior sense fields.11.2Cakkhu, bhikkhave, haññati manāpāmanāpesu rūpesu;The eye is struck by both agreeable and disagreeable sights.11.3sotaṁ, bhikkhave …pe…The ear …11.4ghānaṁ, bhikkhave …pe…nose …11.5jivhā, bhikkhave, haññati manāpāmanāpesu rasesu;tongue …11.6kāyo, bhikkhave …pe…body …11.7mano, bhikkhave, haññati manāpāmanāpesu dhammesu.mind is struck by both agreeable and disagreeable ideas.

12.1Mahā udakaṇṇavoti kho, bhikkhave, catunnetaṁ oghānaṁ adhivacanaṁ—‘Large deluge’ is a term for the four floods:12.2kāmoghassa, bhavoghassa, diṭṭhoghassa, avijjoghassa.the floods of sensual pleasures, desire to be reborn, views, and ignorance.

13.1Orimaṁ tīraṁ sāsaṅkaṁ sappaṭibhayanti kho, bhikkhave, sakkāyassetaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘The near shore that’s dubious and perilous’ is a term for substantial reality.

14.1Pārimaṁ tīraṁ khemaṁ appaṭibhayanti kho, bhikkhave, nibbānassetaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘The far shore, a sanctuary free of peril’ is a term for extinguishment.

15.1Kullanti kho, bhikkhave, ariyassetaṁ aṭṭhaṅgikassa maggassa adhivacanaṁ, seyyathidaṁ—‘The raft’ is a term for the noble eightfold path, that is:15.2sammādiṭṭhi …pe… sammāsamādhi.right view, right purpose, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion.

16.1Tassa hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyāmoti kho, bhikkhave, vīriyārambhassetaṁ adhivacanaṁ.‘Paddling with hands and feet’ is a term for rousing energy.

17.1Tiṇṇo pāraṅgato thale tiṭṭhati brāhmaṇoti kho, bhikkhave, arahato etaṁ adhivacanan”ti.‘Crossed over, gone to the far shore, the brahmin stands on solid ground’ is a term for a perfected one.”

17.2Paṭhamaṁ.