1.1.1PTS 3.142Evaṁ me sutaṁ—So I have heard.¹1.1.2ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery.1.1.3Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi:There the Buddha addressed the mendicants,1.1.4“bhikkhavo”ti.“Mendicants!”

1.1.5“Bhaddante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṁ.“Venerable sir,” they replied.1.1.6Bhagavā etadavoca:The Buddha said this:

1.1.7“Dvattiṁsimāni, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni, yehi samannāgatassa mahāpurisassa dveva gatiyo bhavanti anaññā.“There are thirty-two marks of a great man. A great man who possesses these has only two possible destinies, no other.²1.1.8Sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī dhammiko dhammarājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariyappatto sattaratanasamannāgato.If he stays at home he becomes a king, a wheel-turning monarch, a just and principled king. His dominion extends to all four sides, he achieves stability in the country, and he possesses the seven treasures.1.1.9Tassimāni satta ratanāni bhavanti;He has the following seven treasures:1.1.10Seyyathidaṁ—cakkaratanaṁ hatthiratanaṁ assaratanaṁ maṇiratanaṁ itthiratanaṁ gahapatiratanaṁ pariṇāyakaratanameva sattamaṁ.the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the jewel, the woman, the householder, and the commander as the seventh treasure.1.1.11Parosahassaṁ kho panassa puttā bhavanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā.He has over a thousand sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies.1.1.12So imaṁ pathaviṁ sāgarapariyantaṁ adaṇḍena asatthena dhammena abhivijiya ajjhāvasati.After conquering this land girt by sea, he reigns by principle, without rod or sword.1.1.13Sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha, who has cast off the world’s veil.

1.2.1PTS 3.143Katamāni ca tāni, bhikkhave, dvattiṁsa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni, yehi samannāgatassa mahāpurisassa dveva gatiyo bhavanti anaññā?∥And what are the thirty-two marks?³1.2.2Sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…1.2.3sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.

1.2.4Idha, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso suppatiṭṭhitapādo hoti. Yampi, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso suppatiṭṭhitapādo hoti, idampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati.He has well-planted feet.

1.2.5Puna caparaṁ, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni honti sahassārāni sanemikāni sanābhikāni sabbākāraparipūrāni. Yampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni honti sahassārāni sanemikāni sanābhikāni sabbākāraparipūrāni, idampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati.On the soles of his feet there are thousand-spoked wheels, with rims and hubs, complete in every detail.

1.2.6PTS 3.144Puna caparaṁ, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso āyatapaṇhi hoti …pe…He has stretched heels.

1.2.7dīghaṅguli hoti …He has long fingers.

1.2.8mudutalunahatthapādo hoti …His hands and feet are soft and tender.

1.2.9jālahatthapādo hoti …He has serried hands and feet.

1.2.10ussaṅkhapādo hoti …The tops of his feet are arched.

1.2.11eṇijaṅgho hoti …His calves are like those of an antelope.

1.2.12ṭhitakova anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati parimajjati …When standing upright and not bending over, the palms of both hands touch the knees.

1.2.13kosohitavatthaguyho hoti …His private parts are sheathed in a foreskin.

1.2.14suvaṇṇavaṇṇo hoti kañcanasannibhattaco …He is golden colored; his skin shines like lustrous gold.

1.2.15sukhumacchavi hoti, sukhumattā chaviyā rajojallaṁ kāye na upalimpati …He has delicate skin, so delicate that dust and dirt don’t stick to his body.

1.2.16ekekalomo hoti, ekekāni lomāni lomakūpesu jātāni …His hairs grow one per pore.

1.2.17uddhaggalomo hoti, uddhaggāni lomāni jātāni nīlāni añjanavaṇṇāni kuṇḍalāvaṭṭāni dakkhiṇāvaṭṭakajātāni …His hairs stand up; they’re blue-black and curl clockwise.

1.2.18brahmujugatto hoti …His body is tall and straight-limbed.

1.2.19sattussado hoti …He has bulging muscles in seven places.

1.2.20sīhapubbaddhakāyo hoti …His chest is like that of a lion.

1.2.21citantaraṁso hoti …He is filled out between the shoulders.

1.2.22nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo hoti, yāvatakvassa kāyo tāvatakvassa byāmo yāvatakvassa byāmo tāvatakvassa kāyo …He has the proportional circumference of a banyan tree: the span of his arms equals the height of his body.

1.2.23samavaṭṭakkhandho hoti …His torso is cylindrical.

1.2.24rasaggasaggī hoti …He has ridged taste buds.

1.2.25sīhahanu hoti …His jaw is like that of a lion.

1.2.26cattālīsadanto hoti …He has forty teeth.

1.2.27samadanto hoti …His teeth are even.

1.2.28aviraḷadanto hoti …His teeth have no gaps.

1.2.29susukkadāṭho hoti …His teeth are perfectly white.

1.2.30pahūtajivho hoti …He has a large tongue.

1.2.31brahmassaro hoti karavīkabhāṇī …He has the voice of the Divinity, like a cuckoo’s call.

1.2.32abhinīlanetto hoti …His eyes are indigo.

1.2.33gopakhumo hoti …He has eyelashes like a cow’s.

1.2.34uṇṇā bhamukantare jātā hoti, odātā mudutūlasannibhā. Yampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa uṇṇā bhamukantare jātā hoti, odātā mudutūlasannibhā, idampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati.Between his eyebrows there grows a tuft, soft and white like cotton-wool.

1.2.35PTS 3.145Puna caparaṁ, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso uṇhīsasīso hoti. Yampi, bhikkhave, mahāpuriso uṇhīsasīso hoti, idampi, bhikkhave, mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati.The crown of his head is like a turban.

1.3.1Imāni kho tāni, bhikkhave, dvattiṁsa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni, yehi samannāgatassa mahāpurisassa dveva gatiyo bhavanti anaññā.These are the thirty-two marks of a great man. A great man who possesses these has only two possible destinies, no other.1.3.2Sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…1.3.3sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.

1.3.4Imāni kho, bhikkhave, dvattiṁsa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni bāhirakāpi isayo dhārenti, no ca kho te jānanti:Seers who are outsiders remember these marks, but they do not know1.3.5‘imassa kammassa kaṭattā idaṁ lakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhatī’ti.the specific deeds performed in the past to obtain each mark.⁴

1.4.01. Suppatiṭṭhitapādatālakkhaṇaṁ1. Well-Planted Feet

1.4.1PTS 3.146Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno daḷhasamādāno ahosi kusalesu dhammesu, avatthitasamādāno kāyasucarite vacīsucarite manosucarite dānasaṁvibhāge sīlasamādāne uposathupavāse matteyyatāya petteyyatāya sāmaññatāya brahmaññatāya kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitāya aññataraññataresu ca adhikusalesu dhammesu.In some past lives, past existences, past abodes the Realized One was reborn as a human being. He firmly and persistently undertook skillful behaviors such as good conduct by way of body, speech, and mind, giving and sharing, taking precepts, observing the sabbath, paying due respect to mother and father, ascetics and brahmins, honoring the elders in the family, and various other things pertaining to skillful behaviors.⁵1.4.2So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati.Due to performing, accumulating, heaping up, and amassing those deeds, when his body broke up, after death, he was reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm.1.4.3So tattha aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi adhiggaṇhāti dibbena āyunā dibbena vaṇṇena dibbena sukhena dibbena yasena dibbena ādhipateyyena dibbehi rūpehi dibbehi saddehi dibbehi gandhehi dibbehi rasehi dibbehi phoṭṭhabbehi.There he surpassed the other gods in ten respects: heavenly lifespan, beauty, happiness, glory, sovereignty, sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and touches.1.4.4So tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati.When he passed away from there and came back to this place he obtained this mark of a great man:1.4.5Suppatiṭṭhitapādo hoti.he has well-planted feet.1.4.6Samaṁ pādaṁ bhūmiyaṁ nikkhipati, samaṁ uddharati, samaṁ sabbāvantehi pādatalehi bhūmiṁ phusati.He places his foot on the ground evenly, raises it evenly, and touches the ground evenly with the whole sole of his foot.

1.5.1PTS 3.147So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī dhammiko dhammarājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariyappatto sattaratanasamannāgato.Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.5.2Tassimāni satta ratanāni bhavanti;He has the following seven treasures:1.5.3Seyyathidaṁ—cakkaratanaṁ hatthiratanaṁ assaratanaṁ maṇiratanaṁ itthiratanaṁ gahapatiratanaṁ pariṇāyakaratanameva sattamaṁ.the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the jewel, the woman, the householder, and the commander as the seventh treasure.1.5.4Parosahassaṁ kho panassa puttā bhavanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā.He has over a thousand sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies.1.5.5So imaṁ pathaviṁ sāgarapariyantaṁ akhilamanimittamakaṇṭakaṁ iddhaṁ phītaṁ khemaṁ sivaṁ nirabbudaṁ adaṇḍena asatthena dhammena abhivijiya ajjhāvasati.After conquering this land girt by sea—free of harassment by bandits, successful and prosperous, safe, blessed, free of pests—he reigns by principle, without rod or sword.⁶1.5.6Rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.5.7Akkhambhiyo hoti kenaci manussabhūtena paccatthikena paccāmittena.He can’t be stopped by any human foe or enemy.1.5.8Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati.That’s what he obtains as king.1.5.9Sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha, who has cast off the world’s veil.1.5.10Buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.5.11Akkhambhiyo hoti abbhantarehi vā bāhirehi vā paccatthikehi paccāmittehi rāgena vā dosena vā mohena vā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṁ.He can’t be stopped by any foe or enemy whether internal or external; nor by greed, hate, or delusion; nor by any ascetic or brahmin or god or Māra or divinity or by anyone in the world.1.5.12Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.5.13Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.6.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.6.2“Sacce ca dhamme ca dame ca saṁyame,“Truth, principle, self-control, and restraint;⁷1.6.3Soceyyasīlālayuposathesu ca;purity, precepts, and observing the sabbath;1.6.4Dāne ahiṁsāya asāhase rato,giving, harmlessness, delighting in non-violence—1.6.5Daḷhaṁ samādāya samattamācari.firmly undertaking these things, he lived accordingly.

1.6.6So tena kammena divaṁ samakkami,By means of these deeds he went to heaven,1.6.7Sukhañca khiḍḍāratiyo ca anvabhi;where he enjoyed happiness and merriment.1.6.8Tato cavitvā punarāgato idha,After passing away from there to here,1.6.9Samehi pādehi phusī vasundharaṁ.he steps evenly on this rich earth.

1.6.10Byākaṁsu veyyañjanikā samāgatā,The gathered soothsayers predicted1.6.11Samappatiṭṭhassa na hoti khambhanā;that there is no stopping one of such even tread,1.6.12Gihissa vā pabbajitassa vā puna,as householder or renunciate.1.6.13Taṁ lakkhaṇaṁ bhavati tadatthajotakaṁ.That’s the meaning shown by this mark.

1.6.14Akkhambhiyo hoti agāramāvasaṁ,While living at home he cannot be stopped,1.6.15Parābhibhū sattubhi nappamaddano;he defeats his foes, and cannot be beaten.1.6.16Manussabhūtenidha hoti kenaci,Due to the fruit of that deed,1.6.17Akkhambhiyo tassa phalena kammuno.he cannot be stopped by any human.

1.6.18Sace ca pabbajjamupeti tādiso,But if one such chooses the life gone forth,1.6.19Nekkhammachandābhirato vicakkhaṇo;seeing clearly, loving renunciation,1.6.20Aggo na so gacchati jātu khambhanaṁ,not even the best can ever stop him;⁸1.6.21Naruttamo esa hi tassa dhammatā”ti.this is the nature of the supreme man.”

1.7.02. Pādatalacakkalakkhaṇaṁ2. Wheels on the Feet

1.7.1PTS 3.148“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.7.2bahujanassa sukhāvaho ahosi, ubbegauttāsabhayaṁ apanuditā, dhammikañca rakkhāvaraṇaguttiṁ saṁvidhātā, saparivārañca dānaṁ adāsi.He conveyed happiness to many people, casting out threats, terror, and danger, providing just protection and security, and giving gifts with all the trimmings.⁹1.7.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.7.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:1.7.5Heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni honti sahassārāni sanemikāni sanābhikāni sabbākāraparipūrāni suvibhattantarāni.on the soles of his feet there are thousand-spoked wheels, with rims and hubs, complete in every detail and well divided inside.

1.8.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.8.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.8.3Mahāparivāro hoti;He has a large following1.8.4mahāssa honti parivārā brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.of brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.1.8.5Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati.That’s what he obtains as king.1.8.6Sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a fully awakened Buddha.1.8.7Buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.8.8Mahāparivāro hoti;He has a large following1.8.9mahāssa honti parivārā bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.of monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.1.8.10Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.8.11Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.9.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.9.2“Pure puratthā purimāsu jātisu,“In olden days, in past lives,1.9.3Manussabhūto bahunaṁ sukhāvaho;he brought happiness to many people,1.9.4Ubbhegauttāsabhayāpanūdano,ridding them of fear, terror, and danger,1.9.5Guttīsu rakkhāvaraṇesu ussuko.eagerly guarding and protecting them.

1.9.6PTS 3.149So tena kammena divaṁ samakkami,By means of these deeds he went to heaven,1.9.7Sukhañca khiḍḍāratiyo ca anvabhi;where he enjoyed happiness and merriment.1.9.8Tato cavitvā punarāgato idha,After passing away from there to here,1.9.9Cakkāni pādesu duvesu vindati.wheels on his two feet are found,

1.9.10Samantanemīni sahassarāni ca,all rimmed around and thousand-spoked.1.9.11Byākaṁsu veyyañjanikā samāgatā;The gathered soothsayers predicted,1.9.12Disvā kumāraṁ satapuññalakkhaṇaṁ,seeing the prince <j>with the hundred-fold mark of merits,¹⁰1.9.13Parivāravā hessati sattumaddano.that he’d have a following, subduing foes,

1.9.14Tathā hi cakkāni samantanemini,which is why he has wheels all rimmed around.1.9.15Sace na pabbajjamupeti tādiso;If one such doesn’t choose the life gone forth,1.9.16Vatteti cakkaṁ pathaviṁ pasāsati,he’ll roll the wheel and rule the land.1.9.17Tassānuyantādha bhavanti khattiyā.The aristocrats will be his vassals,

1.9.18Mahāyasaṁ samparivārayanti naṁ,flocking to his glory.1.9.19Sace ca pabbajjamupeti tādiso;But if one such chooses the life gone forth,1.9.20Nekkhammachandābhirato vicakkhaṇo,seeing clearly, loving renunciation,1.9.21Devā manussāsurasakkarakkhasā.the gods, humans, titans, Sakka, and monsters;

1.9.22Gandhabbanāgā vihagā catuppadā,centaurs and dragons, birds and beasts,1.9.23Anuttaraṁ devamanussapūjitaṁ;will flock to his glory,1.9.24Mahāyasaṁ samparivārayanti nan”ti.the supreme, honored by gods and humans.”

1.10.03–5. Āyatapaṇhitāditilakkhaṇaṁ3–5. Stretched Heels, Etc.

1.10.1PTS 3.150“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.10.2pāṇātipātaṁ pahāya pāṇātipātā paṭivirato ahosi nihitadaṇḍo nihitasattho lajjī dayāpanno, sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī vihāsi.He gave up killing living creatures, renouncing the rod and the sword. He was scrupulous and kind, living full of sympathy for all living beings.1.10.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.10.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni tīṇi mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these three marks:1.10.5Āyatapaṇhi ca hoti, dīghaṅguli ca brahmujugatto ca.he has stretched heels, long fingers, and his body is tall and straight-limbed.¹¹

1.11.1So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.11.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.11.3Dīghāyuko hoti ciraṭṭhitiko, dīghamāyuṁ pāleti, na sakkā hoti antarā jīvitā voropetuṁ kenaci manussabhūtena paccatthikena paccāmittena.He’s long-lived, preserving his life for a long time. No human foe or enemy is able to take his life before his time.1.11.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.11.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.11.6Dīghāyuko hoti ciraṭṭhitiko, dīghamāyuṁ pāleti, na sakkā hoti antarā jīvitā voropetuṁ paccatthikehi paccāmittehi samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṁ.He’s long-lived, preserving his life for a long time. No foes or enemies—nor any ascetic or brahmin or god or Māra or divinity or anyone in the world—is able to take his life before his time.1.11.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.11.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.12.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.12.2“Māraṇavadhabhayattano viditvā,“Realizing for himself the horrors of death,1.12.3Paṭivirato paraṁ māraṇāyahosi;he refrained from killing other creatures.1.12.4Tena sucaritena saggamagamā,By that good conduct he went to heaven,1.12.5Sukataphalavipākamanubhosi.where he enjoyed the fruit of deeds well done.

1.12.6Caviya punaridhāgato samāno,Passing away, on his return to here,1.12.7Paṭilabhati idha tīṇi lakkhaṇāni;he obtained these three marks:1.12.8Bhavati vipuladīghapāsaṇhiko,his stretched heels are abundant and long,1.12.9Brahmāva suju subho sujātagatto.and like the Divinity, he’s straight and beautiful, <j>with well-formed limbs.¹²

1.12.10PTS 3.151Subhujo susu susaṇṭhito sujāto,Fair of arm, youthful, of good posture and breeding,1.12.11Mudutalunaṅguliyassa honti;his fingers are soft and tender and long.1.12.12Dīghā tībhi purisavaraggalakkhaṇehi,By these three marks of an excellent man,1.12.13Cirayapanāya kumāramādisanti.they indicated that the prince’s life would be long:

1.12.14Bhavati yadi gihī ciraṁ yapeti,‘As a householder he will live long;¹³1.12.15Cirataraṁ pabbajati yadi tato hi;longer still if he goes forth, due to1.12.16Yāpayati ca vasiddhibhāvanāya,mastery in the development of psychic power.1.12.17Iti dīghāyukatāya taṁ nimittan”ti.Thus this is the sign of long life.’”

1.13.06. Sattussadatālakkhaṇaṁ6. Seven Bulging Places

1.13.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.13.2dātā ahosi paṇītānaṁ rasitānaṁ khādanīyānaṁ bhojanīyānaṁ sāyanīyānaṁ lehanīyānaṁ pānānaṁ.He was a donor of delicious and tasty cooked and fresh foods, and drinks that were sweet and succulent.¹⁴1.13.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.13.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati, sattussado hoti, sattassa ussadā honti;When he came back to this place he obtained this mark: he has bulging muscles in seven places.1.13.5ubhosu hatthesu ussadā honti, ubhosu pādesu ussadā honti, ubhosu aṁsakūṭesu ussadā honti, khandhe ussado hoti.Both hands, both feet, both shoulders, and his chest are all bulging.

1.14.1PTS 3.152So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.14.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.14.3Lābhī hoti paṇītānaṁ rasitānaṁ khādanīyānaṁ bhojanīyānaṁ sāyanīyānaṁ lehanīyānaṁ pānānaṁ.He gets delicious and tasty cooked and fresh foods, and drinks that are sweet and succulent.1.14.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.14.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.14.6Lābhī hoti paṇītānaṁ rasitānaṁ khādanīyānaṁ bhojanīyānaṁ sāyanīyānaṁ lehanīyānaṁ pānānaṁ.He gets delicious and tasty cooked and fresh foods, and drinks that are sweet and succulent.1.14.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.14.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.15.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.15.2“Khajjabhojjamatha leyya sāyiyaṁ,“He used to give the very best of flavors—1.15.3Uttamaggarasadāyako ahu;scrumptious foods of every kind.1.15.4Tena so sucaritena kammunā,Because of that good deed,1.15.5Nandane ciramabhippamodati.he rejoiced long in the Garden of Delight.¹⁵

1.15.6Satta cussade idhādhigacchati,On returning to here, he is rounded in seven places,1.15.7Hatthapādamudutañca vindati;and tender hands and feet are found.1.15.8Āhu byañjananimittakovidā,The soothsayers expert in signs declared:1.15.9Khajjabhojjarasalābhitāya naṁ.‘He’ll get tasty foods of all sorts

1.15.10Yaṁ gihissapi tadatthajotakaṁ,as a householder, that’s what that means.1.15.11Pabbajjampi ca tadādhigacchati;But even if he goes forth he’ll get the same,1.15.12Khajjabhojjarasalābhiruttamaṁ,supreme in gaining tasty foods of all sorts,1.15.13Āhu sabbagihibandhanacchidan”ti.cutting all bonds of the lay life.’”

1.16.07–8. Karacaraṇamudujālatālakkhaṇāni7–8. Tender and Serried Hands

1.16.1PTS 3.153“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.16.2catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi janaṁ saṅgāhako ahosi—He brought people together using the four ways of being inclusive:1.16.3dānena peyyavajjena atthacariyāya samānattatāya.giving, kindly words, taking care, and equality.1.16.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.16.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:1.16.6Mudutalunahatthapādo ca hoti jālahatthapādo ca.his hands and feet are soft and tender, and they are serried.¹⁶

1.17.1So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.17.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.17.3Susaṅgahitaparijano hoti, susaṅgahitāssa honti brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.His retinue is inclusive, cohesive, and well-managed. This includes brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.¹⁷1.17.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …That’s what he obtains as king.1.17.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.17.6Susaṅgahitaparijano hoti, susaṅgahitāssa honti bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.His retinue is inclusive and well-managed. This includes monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.1.17.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.17.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.18.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.18.2“Dānampi catthacariyatañca,“By giving and helping others,1.18.3Piyavāditañca samānattatañca;kindly speech, and equal treatment,1.18.4Kariyacariyasusaṅgahaṁ bahūnaṁ,such action and conduct as brought people together,1.18.5Anavamatena guṇena yāti saggaṁ.he went to heaven due to his esteemed virtue.

1.18.6Caviya punaridhāgato samāno,Passing away, on his return to here,1.18.7Karacaraṇamudutañca jālino ca;the young baby prince obtained1.18.8Atirucirasuvaggudassaneyyaṁ,hands and feet so tender and serried,1.18.9Paṭilabhati daharo susu kumāro.lovely, graceful, and good-looking.

1.18.10PTS 3.154Bhavati parijanassavo vidheyyo,His retinue is loyal and manageable,1.18.11Mahimaṁ āvasito susaṅgahito;staying agreeably all over this broad land.¹⁸1.18.12Piyavadū hitasukhataṁ jigīsamāno,Speaking kindly, seeking happiness,1.18.13Abhirucitāni guṇāni ācarati.he implements agreeable qualities.

1.18.14Yadi ca jahati sabbakāmabhogaṁ,But if he gives up all sensual enjoyments,1.18.15Kathayati dhammakathaṁ jino janassa;as victor he speaks Dhamma to the people.1.18.16Vacanapaṭikarassābhippasannā,Devoted, they respond to his words;1.18.17Sutvāna dhammānudhammamācarantī”ti.after listening, they practice in line with the teaching.”

1.19.09–10. Ussaṅkhapāda-uddhaggalomatālakkhaṇāni9–10. Arched Feet and Upright Hair

1.19.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.19.2atthūpasaṁhitaṁ dhammūpasaṁhitaṁ vācaṁ bhāsitā ahosi, bahujanaṁ nidaṁsesi, pāṇīnaṁ hitasukhāvaho dhammayāgī.His speech was meaningful and principled. He educated many people, bringing welfare and happiness, offering the teaching.1.19.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.19.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:1.19.5Ussaṅkhapādo ca hoti, uddhaggalomo ca.the tops of his feet are arched and his hairs stand up.¹⁹

1.20.1So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato, sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.20.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.20.3Aggo ca hoti seṭṭho ca pāmokkho ca uttamo ca pavaro ca kāmabhogīnaṁ.He is the foremost, best, chief, highest, and finest of those who enjoy sensual pleasures.1.20.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.20.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.20.6Aggo ca hoti seṭṭho ca pāmokkho ca uttamo ca pavaro ca sabbasattānaṁ.He is the foremost, best, chief, highest, and finest of all sentient beings.1.20.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.20.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.21.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.21.2PTS 3.155“Atthadhammasahitaṁ pure giraṁ,“His word was meaningful and principled,1.21.3Erayaṁ bahujanaṁ nidaṁsayi;moving the people with his explanations.1.21.4Pāṇinaṁ hitasukhāvaho ahu,He brought welfare and happiness to creatures,1.21.5Dhammayāgamayajī amaccharī.unstintingly offering up teaching.

1.21.6Tena so sucaritena kammunā,Because of that good deed,1.21.7Suggatiṁ vajati tattha modati;he advanced to heaven and there rejoiced.1.21.8Lakkhaṇāni ca duve idhāgato,On return to here two marks are found,1.21.9Uttamappamukhatāya vindati.of excellence and supremacy.

1.21.10Ubbhamuppatitalomavā saso,His hairs stand upright,1.21.11Pādagaṇṭhirahu sādhusaṇṭhitā;and his ankles well-shaped.1.21.12Maṁsalohitācitā tacotthatā,Swollen with flesh and blood, encased in skin,1.21.13Uparicaraṇasobhanā ahu.gracing above the feet.

1.21.14Gehamāvasati ce tathāvidho,If that sort lives in the home, he becomes1.21.15Aggataṁ vajati kāmabhoginaṁ;the best of those who enjoy sensual pleasures.1.21.16Tena uttaritaro na vijjati,There’ll be none better than him;1.21.17Jambudīpamabhibhuyya iriyati.he’ll proceed <j>having mastered all the Black Plum Tree Land.

1.21.18PTS 3.156Pabbajampi ca anomanikkamo,But going forth the peerless renunciate1.21.19Aggataṁ vajati sabbapāṇinaṁ;turns into the best of all creatures.1.21.20Tena uttaritaro na vijjati,There’ll be none better than him,1.21.21Sabbalokamabhibhuyya viharatī”ti.he’ll live having mastered the whole world.”

1.22.011. Eṇijaṅghalakkhaṇaṁ11. Antelope Calves

1.22.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.22.2sakkaccaṁ vācetā ahosi sippaṁ vā vijjaṁ vā caraṇaṁ vā kammaṁ vā:He was a thorough teacher of a profession, a branch of knowledge, conduct, or action, thinking:1.22.3‘kintime khippaṁ vijāneyyuṁ, khippaṁ paṭipajjeyyuṁ, na ciraṁ kilisseyyun’”ti.‘How might they quickly learn and practice, without getting exhausted?’1.22.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.22.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:1.22.6Eṇijaṅgho hoti.his calves are like those of an antelope.²⁰

1.23.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.23.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.23.3Yāni tāni rājārahāni rājaṅgāni rājūpabhogāni rājānucchavikāni tāni khippaṁ paṭilabhati.He quickly obtains the things worthy of a king, the factors, supports, and things befitting a king.1.23.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.23.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.23.6Yāni tāni samaṇārahāni samaṇaṅgāni samaṇūpabhogāni samaṇānucchavikāni, tāni khippaṁ paṭilabhati.He quickly obtains the things worthy of an ascetic, the factors, supports, and things befitting an ascetic.1.23.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.23.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.24.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.24.2PTS 3.157“Sippesu vijjācaraṇesu kammesu,“In professions, knowledge, conduct, and deeds,1.24.3Kathaṁ vijāneyyuṁ lahunti icchati;he thought of how they might easily learn.1.24.4Yadūpaghātāya na hoti kassaci,Quickly, without tiresome delays,1.24.5Vāceti khippaṁ na ciraṁ kilissati.he taught them things that harm no one at all.

1.24.6Taṁ kammaṁ katvā kusalaṁ sukhudrayaṁ,Having done that skillful deed <j>whose outcome is happiness,1.24.7Jaṅghā manuññā labhate susaṇṭhitā;he gains prominent and elegant calves.1.24.8Vaṭṭā sujātā anupubbamuggatā,Well-formed in graceful spirals,1.24.9Uddhaggalomā sukhumattacotthatā.he’s covered in delicate rising hairs.

1.24.10Eṇeyyajaṅghoti tamāhu puggalaṁ,They say that individual has antelope calves,1.24.11Sampattiyā khippamidhāhu lakkhaṇaṁ;and that this is the mark of swift success.1.24.12Gehānulomāni yadābhikaṅkhati,If he desires the things fitting the household life,1.24.13Apabbajaṁ khippamidhādhigacchati.not going forth, they’ll quickly be his.

1.24.14Sace ca pabbajjamupeti tādiso,But if one such chooses the life gone forth,1.24.15Nekkhammachandābhirato vicakkhaṇo;seeing clearly, loving renunciation,1.24.16Anucchavikassa yadānulomikaṁ,the peerless renunciate will quickly find1.24.17Taṁ vindati khippamanomavikkamo”ti.what is fitting and suitable.”²¹

1.25.012. Sukhumacchavilakkhaṇaṁ12. Delicate Skin

1.25.1PTS 3.158“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.25.2samaṇaṁ vā brāhmaṇaṁ vā upasaṅkamitvā paripucchitā ahosi:He approached an ascetic or brahmin and asked:1.25.3‘kiṁ, bhante, kusalaṁ, kiṁ akusalaṁ, kiṁ sāvajjaṁ, kiṁ anavajjaṁ, kiṁ sevitabbaṁ, kiṁ na sevitabbaṁ, kiṁ me karīyamānaṁ dīgharattaṁ ahitāya dukkhāya assa, kiṁ vā pana me karīyamānaṁ dīgharattaṁ hitāya sukhāya assā’ti.‘Sirs, what is skillful? What is unskillful? What is blameworthy? What is blameless? What should be cultivated? What should not be cultivated? Doing what leads to my lasting harm and suffering? Doing what leads to my lasting welfare and happiness?’1.25.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.25.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:1.25.6Sukhumacchavi hoti, sukhumattā chaviyā rajojallaṁ kāye na upalimpati.he has delicate skin, so delicate that dust and dirt don’t stick to his body.²²

1.26.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.26.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.26.3Mahāpañño hoti, nāssa hoti koci paññāya sadiso vā seṭṭho vā kāmabhogīnaṁ.He has great wisdom. Of those who enjoy sensual pleasures, none is his equal or better in wisdom.1.26.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.26.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.26.6Mahāpañño hoti puthupañño hāsapañño javanapañño tikkhapañño nibbedhikapañño, nāssa hoti koci paññāya sadiso vā seṭṭho vā sabbasattānaṁ.He has great wisdom, widespread wisdom, laughing wisdom, swift wisdom, sharp wisdom, and penetrating wisdom. No sentient being is his equal or better in wisdom.1.26.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.26.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.27.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.27.2“Pure puratthā purimāsu jātisu,“In olden days, in past lives,1.27.3Aññātukāmo paripucchitā ahu;eager to understand, he asked questions.1.27.4Sussūsitā pabbajitaṁ upāsitā,Keen to learn, he waited on renunciates,1.27.5Atthantaro atthakathaṁ nisāmayi.heeding their explanation with pure intent.

1.27.6Paññāpaṭilābhagatena kammunā,Due to that deed of acquiring wisdom,1.27.7Manussabhūto sukhumacchavī ahu;as a human being his skin is delicate.1.27.8Byākaṁsu uppādanimittakovidā,At his birth <j>the soothsayers expert in signs prophesied:1.27.9Sukhumāni atthāni avecca dakkhiti.‘He’ll discern delicate matters.’

1.27.10Sace na pabbajjamupeti tādiso,If one such doesn’t choose the life gone forth,1.27.11Vatteti cakkaṁ pathaviṁ pasāsati;he’ll roll the wheel and rule the land.1.27.12Atthānusiṭṭhīsu pariggahesu ca,Among those with material things <j>who have been educated,1.27.13Na tena seyyo sadiso ca vijjati.none equal or better than him is found.

1.27.14PTS 3.159Sace ca pabbajjamupeti tādiso,But if one such chooses the life gone forth,1.27.15Nekkhammachandābhirato vicakkhaṇo;seeing clearly, loving renunciation,1.27.16Paññāvisiṭṭhaṁ labhate anuttaraṁ,gaining wisdom that’s supreme and distinguished,1.27.17Pappoti bodhiṁ varabhūrimedhaso”ti.the one of superb, vast intelligence <j>attains awakening.”

1.28.013. Suvaṇṇavaṇṇalakkhaṇaṁ13. Golden Skin

1.28.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.28.2akkodhano ahosi anupāyāsabahulo,He wasn’t irritable or bad-tempered.1.28.3bahumpi vutto samāno nābhisajji na kuppi na byāpajji na patitthīyi, na kopañca dosañca appaccayañca pātvākāsi.Even when heavily criticized he didn’t lose his temper, become annoyed, hostile, and hard-hearted, or display annoyance, hate, and bitterness.1.28.4Dātā ca ahosi sukhumānaṁ mudukānaṁ attharaṇānaṁ pāvuraṇānaṁ khomasukhumānaṁ kappāsikasukhumānaṁ koseyyasukhumānaṁ kambalasukhumānaṁ.He donated soft and delicate mats and blankets, and cloaks of delicate linen, cotton, silk, and wool.1.28.5So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.28.6so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:1.28.7Suvaṇṇavaṇṇo hoti kañcanasannibhattaco.he is golden colored; his skin shines like lustrous gold.²³

1.29.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.29.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.29.3Lābhī hoti sukhumānaṁ mudukānaṁ attharaṇānaṁ pāvuraṇānaṁ khomasukhumānaṁ kappāsikasukhumānaṁ koseyyasukhumānaṁ kambalasukhumānaṁ.He obtains soft and delicate mats and blankets, and delicate cloaks of linen, cotton, silk, and wool.1.29.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.29.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.29.6Lābhī hoti sukhumānaṁ mudukānaṁ attharaṇānaṁ pāvuraṇānaṁ khomasukhumānaṁ kappāsikasukhumānaṁ koseyyasukhumānaṁ kambalasukhumānaṁ.He obtains soft and delicate mats and blankets, and cloaks of delicate linen, cotton, silk, and wool.1.29.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.29.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.30.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.30.2PTS 3.160“Akkodhañca adhiṭṭhahi adāsi,“Fixated on good will, he gave gifts.²⁴1.30.3Dānañca vatthāni sukhumāni succhavīni;In an earlier life he poured forth cloth1.30.4Purimatarabhave ṭhito abhivissaji,fine and soft to touch,1.30.5Mahimiva suro abhivassaṁ.like a god pouring rain on this broad earth.²⁵

1.30.6Taṁ katvāna ito cuto dibbaṁ,So doing he passed from here to heaven,1.30.7Upapajji sukataphalavipākamanubhutvā;where he enjoyed the fruits of deeds well done.1.30.8Kanakatanusannibho idhābhibhavati,Here he wins a figure <j>shining like honey-yellow gold,²⁶1.30.9Suravarataroriva indo.like Indra, the finest of gods.

1.30.10Gehañcāvasati naro apabbajjam’,If that man stays in the house, not wishing to go forth,1.30.11icchaṁ mahatimahiṁ anusāsati;he conquers and rules this vast, broad earth,1.30.12Pasayha sahidha sattaratanaṁ,together with the seven treasures here.1.30.13Paṭilabhati vimalasukhumacchaviṁ suciñca.He gets immaculate, delicate, pure skin,

1.30.14Lābhī acchādanavatthamokkhapāvuraṇānaṁ,receiving clothing, cloth, and the finest cloaks²⁷1.30.15Bhavati yadi anāgāriyataṁ upeti;if he chooses the life gone forth.1.30.16Sahito purimakataphalaṁ anubhavati,For he still partakes of past deed’s fruit;1.30.17Na bhavati katassa panāso”ti.what’s been done is never lost.”

1.31.014. Kosohitavatthaguyhalakkhaṇaṁ14. Privates in Foreskin

1.31.1PTS 3.161“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.1.31.2cirappanaṭṭhe sucirappavāsino ñātimitte suhajje sakhino samānetā ahosi.He reunited long-lost and long-separated relatives, friends, loved ones, and comrades.1.31.3Mātarampi puttena samānetā ahosi, puttampi mātarā samānetā ahosi, pitarampi puttena samānetā ahosi, puttampi pitarā samānetā ahosi, bhātarampi bhātarā samānetā ahosi, bhātarampi bhaginiyā samānetā ahosi, bhaginimpi bhātarā samānetā ahosi, bhaginimpi bhaginiyā samānetā ahosi, samaṅgīkatvā ca abbhanumoditā ahosi.He reunited mother with child and child with mother; father with child and child with father; brother with brother, brother with sister, sister with brother, and sister with sister, bringing them together with rejoicing.1.31.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.1.31.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati—When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:1.31.6kosohitavatthaguyho hoti.his private parts are sheathed in a foreskin.²⁸

1.32.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.1.32.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?1.32.3Pahūtaputto hoti, parosahassaṁ kho panassa puttā bhavanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā.He has many sons, over a thousand sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies.1.32.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.1.32.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?1.32.6Pahūtaputto hoti, anekasahassaṁ kho panassa puttā bhavanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā.He has many sons, many thousands of sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies.1.32.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”1.32.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

1.33.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

1.33.2“Pure puratthā purimāsu jātisu,“In olden days, in past lives,1.33.3Cirappanaṭṭhe sucirappavāsino;he reunited long-lost1.33.4Ñātī suhajje sakhino samānayi,and long-separated comrades and family,1.33.5Samaṅgikatvā anumoditā ahu.bringing them together with joy.

1.33.6So tena kammena divaṁ samakkami,By means of these deeds he went to heaven,1.33.7Sukhañca khiḍḍāratiyo ca anvabhi;where he enjoyed happiness and merriment.1.33.8Tato cavitvā punarāgato idha,After passing away from there to here,1.33.9Kosohitaṁ vindati vatthachādiyaṁ.his private parts are sheathed in a foreskin.

1.33.10PTS 3.162Pahūtaputto bhavatī tathāvidho,That sort has many sons,1.33.11Parosahassañca bhavanti atrajā;over a thousand descendants,1.33.12Sūrā ca vīrā ca amittatāpanā,valiant and heroic, devastating foes,1.33.13Gihissa pītiṁ jananā piyaṁvadā.a layman’s joy, speaking kindly.

1.33.14Bahūtarā pabbajitassa iriyato,But if he lives the renunciate life1.33.15Bhavanti puttā vacanānusārino;he has even more sons following his word.1.33.16Gihissa vā pabbajitassa vā puna,As householder or renunciate,1.33.17Taṁ lakkhaṇaṁ jāyati tadatthajotakan”ti.that’s the meaning shown by this mark.”

1.33.18Paṭhamabhāṇavāro niṭṭhito.The first recitation section is complete.

2.1.015–16. Parimaṇḍalaanonamajaṇṇuparimasanalakkhaṇāni15–16. Equal Proportions and Touching the Knees

2.1.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.1.2mahājanasaṅgahaṁ samekkhamāno samaṁ jānāti sāmaṁ jānāti, purisaṁ jānāti purisavisesaṁ jānāti:Examining the gathered population, he knew what they had in common and what was their own; he knew each person, and he knew the distinctions between people.2.1.3‘ayamidamarahati ayamidamarahatī’ti tattha tattha purisavisesakaro ahosi.In each case, he made appropriate distinctions between people: ‘This one deserves that; that one deserves this.’2.1.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.1.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:2.1.6Nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo ca hoti, ṭhitakoyeva ca anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati parimajjati.he has the proportional circumference of a banyan tree; and when standing upright and not bending over, the palms of both hands touch the knees.²⁹

2.2.1PTS 3.163So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.2.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.2.3Aḍḍho hoti mahaddhano mahābhogo pahūtajātarūparajato pahūtavittūpakaraṇo pahūtadhanadhañño paripuṇṇakosakoṭṭhāgāro.He is rich, affluent, and wealthy, with lots of gold and silver, lots of property and assets, lots of money and grain, and a full treasury and storehouses.2.2.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.2.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.2.6Aḍḍho hoti mahaddhano mahābhogo.He is rich, affluent, and wealthy.2.2.7Tassimāni dhanāni honti, seyyathidaṁ—He has these kinds of wealth:2.2.8saddhādhanaṁ sīladhanaṁ hiridhanaṁ ottappadhanaṁ sutadhanaṁ cāgadhanaṁ paññādhanaṁ.the wealth of faith, ethics, conscience, prudence, learning, generosity, and wisdom.2.2.9Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.2.10Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.3.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.3.2“Tuliya paṭivicaya cintayitvā,“Examining the many people in a community,2.3.3Mahājanasaṅgahanaṁ samekkhamāno;he weighed, evaluated, and judged each case:2.3.4Ayamidamarahati tattha tattha,‘This one deserves that.’2.3.5Purisavisesakaro pure ahosi.That’s how he used to draw <j>distinctions between people.

2.3.6Mahiñca pana ṭhito anonamanto,Now standing without bending2.3.7Phusati karehi ubhohi jaṇṇukāni;he can touch his knees with both hands.³⁰2.3.8Mahiruhaparimaṇḍalo ahosi,With the remaining ripening <j>of the fruit of good deeds,2.3.9Sucaritakammavipākasesakena.his circumference was that of a great tree.

2.3.10Bahuvividhanimittalakkhaṇaññū,Learned experts in the many different2.3.11Atinipuṇā manujā byākariṁsu;signs and marks prophesied:2.3.12Bahuvividhā gihīnaṁ arahāni,‘The young prince will obtain2.3.13Paṭilabhati daharo susu kumāro.many different things that householders deserve.

2.3.14PTS 3.164Idha ca mahīpatissa kāmabhogī,Here there are many suitable pleasures2.3.15Gihipatirūpakā bahū bhavanti;for the ruler of the land to enjoy as householder.2.3.16Yadi ca jahati sabbakāmabhogaṁ,But if he gives up all sensual enjoyments,2.3.17Labhati anuttaraṁ uttamadhanaggan”ti.he will gain the supreme, highest peak of wealth.’”

2.4.017–19. Sīhapubbaddhakāyāditilakkhaṇaṁ17–19. A Lion’s Chest, Etc.

2.4.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.4.2bahujanassa atthakāmo ahosi hitakāmo phāsukāmo yogakkhemakāmo:He wanted what’s best, the welfare, the comfort, and sanctuary of the people, thinking:2.4.3‘kintime saddhāya vaḍḍheyyuṁ, sīlena vaḍḍheyyuṁ, sutena vaḍḍheyyuṁ, cāgena vaḍḍheyyuṁ, dhammena vaḍḍheyyuṁ, paññāya vaḍḍheyyuṁ, dhanadhaññena vaḍḍheyyuṁ, khettavatthunā vaḍḍheyyuṁ, dvipadacatuppadehi vaḍḍheyyuṁ, puttadārehi vaḍḍheyyuṁ, dāsakammakaraporisehi vaḍḍheyyuṁ, ñātīhi vaḍḍheyyuṁ, mittehi vaḍḍheyyuṁ, bandhavehi vaḍḍheyyun’ti.‘How might they flourish in faith, ethics, learning, generosity, teachings, and wisdom; in wealth and grain, fields and land, birds and beasts, children and partners; in bondservants, workers, and staff; in family, friends, and kin?’2.4.4So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.4.5so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni tīṇi mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these three marks:2.4.6Sīhapubbaddhakāyo ca hoti citantaraṁso ca samavaṭṭakkhandho ca.his chest is like that of a lion; he is filled out between the shoulders.; and his torso is cylindrical.³¹

2.5.1PTS 3.165So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.5.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.5.3Aparihānadhammo hoti, na parihāyati dhanadhaññena khettavatthunā dvipadacatuppadehi puttadārehi dāsakammakaraporisehi ñātīhi mittehi bandhavehi, na parihāyati sabbasampattiyā.He’s not liable to decline. He doesn’t decline in wealth and grain, fields and land, birds and beasts, children and partners; in bondservants, workers, and staff; in family, friends, and kin. He doesn’t decline in any of his accomplishments.2.5.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.5.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.5.6Aparihānadhammo hoti, na parihāyati saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya, na parihāyati sabbasampattiyā.He’s not liable to decline. He doesn’t decline in faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He doesn’t decline in any of his accomplishments.³²2.5.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.5.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.6.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.6.2“Saddhāya sīlena sutena buddhiyā,“His wish was this: ‘How may others not decline2.6.3Cāgena dhammena bahūhi sādhuhi;in faith, ethics, learning, and intelligence,2.6.4Dhanena dhaññena ca khettavatthunā,in generosity, teachings, and much good else,2.6.5Puttehi dārehi catuppadehi ca.in coin and grain, fields and lands,

2.6.6Ñātīhi mittehi ca bandhavehi ca,in children, partners, and livestock,2.6.7Balena vaṇṇena sukhena cūbhayaṁ;in family, friends, and kin,2.6.8Kathaṁ na hāyeyyuṁ pareti icchati,in strength, and both beauty and happiness?’2.6.9Atthassa middhī ca panābhikaṅkhati.And so he ever desired their success.

2.6.10Sa sīhapubbaddhasusaṇṭhito ahu,His chest was shaped like that of a lion,2.6.11Samavaṭṭakhandho ca citantaraṁso;filled out between the shoulders, <j>and torso cylindrical.2.6.12Pubbe suciṇṇena katena kammunā,Due to the well-done deeds of the past,2.6.13Ahāniyaṁ pubbanimittamassa taṁ.he had that portent of non-decline.

2.6.14Gihīpi dhaññena dhanena vaḍḍhati,Even as layman he grows in coin and grain,2.6.15Puttehi dārehi catuppadehi ca;in wives, children, and livestock.2.6.16Akiñcano pabbajito anuttaraṁ,But once gone forth, owning nothing, he attains2.6.17Pappoti bodhiṁ asahānadhammatan”ti.the supreme awakening which may never decline.”

2.7.020. Rasaggasaggitālakkhaṇaṁ20. Ridged Taste Buds

2.7.1PTS 3.166“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno∥“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.7.2sattānaṁ aviheṭhakajātiko ahosi pāṇinā vā leḍḍunā vā daṇḍena vā satthena vā.He would never hurt any sentient being with fists, stones, rods, or swords.2.7.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.7.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati, rasaggasaggī hoti, uddhaggāssa rasaharaṇīyo gīvāya jātā honti samābhivāhiniyo.When he came back to this place he obtained this mark: he has ridged taste buds. His raised taste receptors, originating in the throat, disperse evenly.

2.8.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.8.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.8.3Appābādho hoti appātaṅko, samavepākiniyā gahaṇiyā samannāgato nātisītāya nāccuṇhāya.He is rarely ill or unwell. His stomach digests well, being neither too hot nor too cold.³³2.8.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.8.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.8.6Appābādho hoti appātaṅko samavepākiniyā gahaṇiyā samannāgato nātisītāya nāccuṇhāya majjhimāya padhānakkhamāya.He is rarely ill or unwell. His stomach digests well, being neither too hot nor too cold, but just right, and fit for meditation.2.8.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.8.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.9.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.9.2“Na pāṇidaṇḍehi panātha leḍḍunā,“Not with fist or rod or stone,2.9.3Satthena vā maraṇavadhena vā pana;or sword or beating to death,2.9.4Ubbādhanāya paritajjanāya vā,or by bondage or threats2.9.5Na heṭhayī janatamaheṭhako ahu.did he ever harm anyone.

2.9.6PTS 3.167Teneva so sugatimupecca modati,For that very reason he rejoiced in heaven <j>after passing away,2.9.7Sukhapphalaṁ kariya sukhāni vindati;finding happiness as a fruit of happy deeds.2.9.8Samojasā rasaharaṇī susaṇṭhitā,With taste receptors prominent <j>and evenly spreading nutrition,2.9.9Idhāgato labhati rasaggasaggitaṁ.on his return here he has ridged taste buds.

2.9.10Tenāhu naṁ atinipuṇā vicakkhaṇā,That’s why the clever prophets said:2.9.11Ayaṁ naro sukhabahulo bhavissati;‘This man will have much happiness2.9.12Gihissa vā pabbajitassa vā puna,as householder or renunciate.2.9.13Taṁ lakkhaṇaṁ bhavati tadatthajotakan”ti.That’s the meaning shown by this mark.’”

2.10.021–22. Abhinīlanettagopakhumalakkhaṇāni21–22. Indigo Eyes

2.10.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.10.2na ca visaṭaṁ, na ca visāci, na ca pana viceyya pekkhitā, ujuṁ tathā pasaṭamujumano, piyacakkhunā bahujanaṁ udikkhitā ahosi.When looking at others he didn’t glare, look askance, or avert his eyes. Being straightforward, he reached out to others with straightforward intentions, looking at people with kindly eyes.2.10.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.10.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:2.10.5Abhinīlanetto ca hoti gopakhumo ca.his eyes are indigo, and he has eyelashes like a cow’s.³⁴

2.11.1PTS 3.168So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato, sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.11.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.11.3Piyadassano hoti bahuno janassa, piyo hoti manāpo brāhmaṇagahapatikānaṁ negamajānapadānaṁ gaṇakamahāmattānaṁ anīkaṭṭhānaṁ dovārikānaṁ amaccānaṁ pārisajjānaṁ rājūnaṁ bhogiyānaṁ kumārānaṁ.The people look on him with kindly eyes. He is dear and beloved to the brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.11.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.11.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.11.6Piyadassano hoti bahuno janassa, piyo hoti manāpo bhikkhūnaṁ bhikkhunīnaṁ upāsakānaṁ upāsikānaṁ devānaṁ manussānaṁ asurānaṁ nāgānaṁ gandhabbānaṁ.The people look on him with kindly eyes. He is dear and beloved to the monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.11.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.11.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.12.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.12.2“Na ca visaṭaṁ na ca visāci,“With not a glare or glance askance,2.12.3Na ca pana viceyyapekkhitā;nor averting of the eyes;2.12.4Ujuṁ tathā pasaṭamujumano,straightforward, he reached out straightforwardly,2.12.5Piyacakkhunā bahujanaṁ udikkhitā.looking at people with kindly eyes.

2.12.6Sugatīsu so phalavipākaṁ,In good rebirths he enjoyed the fruit2.12.7Anubhavati tattha modati;and result, rejoicing there.2.12.8Idha ca pana bhavati gopakhumo,But here he has a cow’s eyelashes,2.12.9Abhinīlanettanayano sudassano.and indigo eyes so fair to see.

2.12.10Abhiyogino ca nipuṇā,Many soothsayers, men clever³⁵2.12.11Bahū pana nimittakovidā;and learned in prognostic texts,2.12.12Sukhumanayanakusalā manujā,expert in cow-like lashes, indicated2.12.13Piyadassanoti abhiniddisanti naṁ.he’d be looked upon with kindly eyes.

2.12.14PTS 3.169Piyadassano gihīpi santo ca,Even as a householder he’d be regarded kindly,2.12.15Bhavati bahujanapiyāyito;beloved of the people.2.12.16Yadi ca na bhavati gihī samaṇo hoti,But if he becomes an ascetic, not lay,2.12.17Piyo bahūnaṁ sokanāsano”ti.as destroyer of sorrow he’ll be loved by many.”

2.13.023. Uṇhīsasīsalakkhaṇaṁ23. Crown Like a Turban

2.13.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.13.2bahujanapubbaṅgamo ahosi kusalesu dhammesu bahujanapāmokkho kāyasucarite vacīsucarite manosucarite dānasaṁvibhāge sīlasamādāne uposathupavāse matteyyatāya petteyyatāya sāmaññatāya brahmaññatāya kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitāya aññataraññataresu ca adhikusalesu dhammesu.He was the leader and forerunner of people in skillful behaviors such as good conduct by way of body, speech, and mind, giving and sharing, taking precepts, observing the sabbath, paying due respect to mother and father, ascetics and brahmins, honoring the elders in the family, and various other things pertaining to skillful behaviors.³⁶2.13.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.13.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati—When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:2.13.5uṇhīsasīso hoti.the crown of his head is like a turban.

2.14.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.14.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.14.3Mahāssa jano anvāyiko hoti, brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.He has a large following of brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.14.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.14.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.14.6Mahāssa jano anvāyiko hoti, bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.He has a large following of monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.14.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.14.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.15.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.15.2“Pubbaṅgamo sucaritesu ahu,“Among people of good conduct, he was the leader,2.15.3Dhammesu dhammacariyābhirato;devoted to a life of principle among the principled.2.15.4Anvāyiko bahujanassa ahu,The people followed him,2.15.5Saggesu vedayittha puññaphalaṁ.and he experienced the fruit of good deeds in heaven.

2.15.6PTS 3.170Veditvā so sucaritassa phalaṁ,Having experienced that fruit,2.15.7Uṇhīsasīsattamidhajjhagamā;he gains a head crowned like a turban.2.15.8Byākaṁsu byañjananimittadharā,The experts in omens and signs prophesied:2.15.9Pubbaṅgamo bahujanaṁ hessati.‘He will be leader of the people.

2.15.10Paṭibhogiyā manujesu idha,Assistants serve him here among men,2.15.11Pubbeva tassa abhiharanti tadā;as they did for him then in the past.2.15.12Yadi khattiyo bhavati bhūmipati,If he becomes an aristocrat, ruler of the land,2.15.13Paṭihārakaṁ bahujane labhati.he’ll gain the service of the people.

2.15.14Atha cepi pabbajati so manujo,But if that man goes forth,2.15.15Dhammesu hoti paguṇo visavī;he’ll be sophisticated, proficient in the teachings.2.15.16Tassānusāsaniguṇābhirato,Devoted to the virtues of his instruction,2.15.17Anvāyiko bahujano bhavatī”ti.the people will become his followers.’”

2.16.024–25. Ekekalomatāuṇṇālakkhaṇāni24–25. One Hair Per Pore, and a Tuft

2.16.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.16.2musāvādaṁ pahāya musāvādā paṭivirato ahosi, saccavādī saccasandho theto paccayiko avisaṁvādako lokassa.He refrained from lying. He spoke the truth and stuck to the truth. He was honest and dependable, and didn’t trick the world with his words.2.16.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.16.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:2.16.5Ekekalomo ca hoti, uṇṇā ca bhamukantare jātā hoti odātā mudutūlasannibhā.his hairs grow one per pore, and between his eyebrows there grows a tuft, soft and white like cotton-wool.³⁷

2.17.1PTS 3.171So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato, sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.17.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.17.3Mahāssa jano upavattati, brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.He has many close adherents among the brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.17.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.17.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.17.6Mahāssa jano upavattati, bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.He has many close adherents among the monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.17.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.17.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.18.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.18.2“Saccappaṭiñño purimāsu jātisu,“In past lives he was true to his promise,2.18.3Advejjhavāco alikaṁ vivajjayi;with no forked tongue, he shunned lies.2.18.4Na so visaṁvādayitāpi kassaci,He never broke his word to anyone,2.18.5Bhūtena tacchena tathena bhāsayi.but spoke what was true, real, and factual.

2.18.6Setā susukkā mudutūlasannibhā,A tuft so very white like cotton-wool2.18.7Uṇṇā sujātā bhamukantare ahu;grew prettily between his eyebrows.2.18.8Na lomakūpesu duve ajāyisuṁ,And never two, but only one,2.18.9Ekekalomūpacitaṅgavā ahu.hair grew in each of his pores.

2.18.10Taṁ lakkhaṇaññū bahavo samāgatā,Many soothsayers learned in marks2.18.11Byākaṁsu uppādanimittakovidā;and expert in signs gathered and prophesied:2.18.12Uṇṇā ca lomā ca yathā susaṇṭhitā,‘One like this, with tuft and hair so prominent,2.18.13Upavattatī īdisakaṁ bahujjano.will have many as his close adherents.

2.18.14Gihimpi santaṁ upavattatī jano,Even as householder many people will follow him,2.18.15Bahu puratthāpakatena kammunā;due to the power of deeds in the past.2.18.16Akiñcanaṁ pabbajitaṁ anuttaraṁ,But once gone forth, owning nothing,2.18.17Buddhampi santaṁ upavattati jano”ti.as Buddha the people will follow him.’”

2.19.026–27. Cattālīsaaviraḷadantalakkhaṇāni26–27. Forty Gapless Teeth

2.19.1PTS 3.172“Yampi, bhikkhave tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.19.2pisuṇaṁ vācaṁ pahāya pisuṇāya vācāya paṭivirato ahosi. Ito sutvā na amutra akkhātā imesaṁ bhedāya, amutra vā sutvā na imesaṁ akkhātā amūsaṁ bhedāya, iti bhinnānaṁ vā sandhātā, sahitānaṁ vā anuppadātā, samaggārāmo samaggarato samagganandī samaggakaraṇiṁ vācaṁ bhāsitā ahosi.He refrained from backbiting. He didn’t repeat in one place what he heard in another so as to divide people against each other. Instead, he reconciled those who were divided and support those who are united, delighting in harmony, loving harmony, speaking words that promote harmony.2.19.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.19.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:2.19.5Cattālīsadanto ca hoti aviraḷadanto ca.he has forty teeth, and his teeth have no gaps.³⁸

2.20.1So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…∥Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.20.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.20.3Abhejjapariso hoti, abhejjāssa honti parisā, brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.His retinue cannot be divided. This includes brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.20.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …That’s what he obtains as king.2.20.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.20.6Abhejjapariso hoti, abhejjāssa honti parisā, bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.His retinue cannot be divided. This includes monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.20.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.20.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.21.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.21.2“Vebhūtiyaṁ sahitabhedakāriṁ,“He spoke no divisive words splitting the united,2.21.3Bhedappavaḍḍhanavivādakāriṁ;creating disputes that foster division,2.21.4Kalahappavaḍḍhanaākiccakāriṁ,acting improperly by fostering quarrels,2.21.5Sahitānaṁ bhedajananiṁ na bhaṇi.sowing division in those who are united.

2.21.6PTS 3.173Avivādavaḍḍhanakariṁ sugiraṁ,He spoke kind words to foster harmony,2.21.7Bhinnānusandhijananiṁ abhaṇi;uniting those who are divided.2.21.8Kalahaṁ janassa panudī samaṅgī,He cast aside quarrels among the people,2.21.9Sahitehi nandati pamodati ca.rejoicing together with the united.

2.21.10Sugatīsu so phalavipākaṁ,In good rebirths he enjoyed the fruit2.21.11Anubhavati tattha modati;and result, rejoicing there.2.21.12Dantā idha honti aviraḷā sahitā,Here his teeth are gapless, close-set,2.21.13Caturo dasassa mukhajā susaṇṭhitā.forty standing prominent in his mouth.

2.21.14Yadi khattiyo bhavati bhūmipati,If he becomes an aristocrat, ruler of the land,2.21.15Avibhediyāssa parisā bhavati;his assembly will be indivisible.2.21.16Samaṇo ca hoti virajo vimalo,And as an ascetic, stainless, immaculate,2.21.17Parisāssa hoti anugatā acalā”ti.his assembly will follow him, unshakable.”

2.22.028–29. Pahūtajivhābrahmassaralakkhaṇāni28–29. A Large Tongue and the Voice of the Divinity

2.22.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno∥“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.22.2pharusaṁ vācaṁ pahāya pharusāya vācāya paṭivirato ahosi. Yā sā vācā nelā kaṇṇasukhā pemanīyā hadayaṅgamā porī bahujanakantā bahujanamanāpā, tathārūpiṁ vācaṁ bhāsitā ahosi.He refrained from harsh speech. He spoke in a way that’s mellow, pleasing to the ear, endearing, going to the heart, polite, and likable and agreeable to the people.2.22.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.22.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks:2.22.5Pahūtajivho ca hoti brahmassaro ca karavīkabhāṇī.he has a large tongue, and the voice of the Divinity, like a cuckoo’s call.

2.23.1PTS 3.174So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.23.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.23.3Ādeyyavāco hoti, ādiyantissa vacanaṁ brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.He has a compelling voice. His words are compelling to brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.23.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.23.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.23.6Ādeyyavāco hoti, ādiyantissa vacanaṁ bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.He has a compelling voice. His words are compelling to monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.23.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.23.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.24.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.24.2“Akkosabhaṇḍanavihesakāriṁ,“He never spoke a loud harsh word,2.24.3Ubbādhikaṁ bahujanappamaddanaṁ;insulting, quarrelsome,2.24.4Abāḷhaṁ giraṁ so na bhaṇi pharusaṁ,causing harm, rude, crushing the people.2.24.5Madhuraṁ bhaṇi susaṁhitaṁ sakhilaṁ.His speech was sweet, helpful, and courteous.

2.24.6Manaso piyā hadayagāminiyo,He uttered words dear to the mind,2.24.7Vācā so erayati kaṇṇasukhā;going to the heart, pleasing to the ear.2.24.8Vācāsuciṇṇaphalamanubhavi,He enjoyed the fruit of his good verbal conduct,2.24.9Saggesu vedayatha puññaphalaṁ.experiencing the fruit of good deeds in heaven.

2.24.10Veditvā so sucaritassa phalaṁ,Having experienced that fruit,2.24.11Brahmassarattamidhamajjhagamā;on his return to here <j>he acquired the voice of the Divinity.2.24.12Jivhāssa hoti vipulā puthulā,His tongue was long and wide,2.24.13Ādeyyavākyavacano bhavati.and his speech was compelling.

2.24.14PTS 3.175Gihinopi ijjhati yathā bhaṇato,Even as householder his speech brings prosperity.2.24.15Atha ce pabbajati so manujo;But if that man goes forth,2.24.16Ādiyantissa vacanaṁ janatā,speaking often to the people,2.24.17Bahuno bahuṁ subhaṇitaṁ bhaṇato”ti.they’ll be compelled by his fair words.”

2.25.030. Sīhahanulakkhaṇaṁ30. A Lion-Like Jaw

2.25.1“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.25.2samphappalāpaṁ pahāya samphappalāpā paṭivirato ahosi kālavādī bhūtavādī atthavādī dhammavādī vinayavādī, nidhānavatiṁ vācaṁ bhāsitā ahosi kālena sāpadesaṁ pariyantavatiṁ atthasaṁhitaṁ.He refrained from talking nonsense. His words were timely, true, and meaningful, in line with the teaching and training. He said things at the right time which were valuable, reasonable, succinct, and beneficial.2.25.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā …pe…Due to performing those deeds he was reborn in a heavenly realm.2.25.4so tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imaṁ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ paṭilabhati,When he came back to this place he obtained this mark:2.25.5sīhahanu hoti.his jaw is like that of a lion.³⁹

2.26.1So tena lakkhaṇena samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī …pe…Possessing this mark, if he stays at home he becomes a wheel-turning monarch.2.26.2rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.26.3Appadhaṁsiyo hoti kenaci manussabhūtena paccatthikena paccāmittena.He can’t be destroyed by any human foe or enemy.2.26.4Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati …pe…That’s what he obtains as king.2.26.5buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.26.6Appadhaṁsiyo hoti abbhantarehi vā bāhirehi vā paccatthikehi paccāmittehi, rāgena vā dosena vā mohena vā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṁ.He can’t be destroyed by any foe or enemy whether internal or external; nor by greed, hate, or delusion; nor by any ascetic or brahmin or god or Māra or divinity or by anyone in the world.2.26.7Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.26.8Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.27.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.27.2“Na samphappalāpaṁ na muddhataṁ,“Neither nonsensical nor silly,2.27.3Avikiṇṇavacanabyappatho ahosi;his way of speaking was never loose.2.27.4Ahitamapi ca apanudi,He cast aside what was unbeneficial,2.27.5Hitamapi ca bahujanasukhañca abhaṇi.and spoke for the welfare <j>and happiness of the people.

2.27.6PTS 3.176Taṁ katvā ito cuto divamupapajji,So doing he passed from here to be reborn in heaven,2.27.7Sukataphalavipākamanubhosi;where he enjoyed the fruit of deeds well done.2.27.8Caviya punaridhāgato samāno,Passing away, on his return to here,2.27.9Dvidugamavaratarahanuttamalattha.he gained a jaw like the finest of beasts.

2.27.10Rājā hoti suduppadhaṁsiyo,He became a king so very hard to defeat,2.27.11Manujindo manujādhipati mahānubhāvo;a mighty lord and ruler of mankind.2.27.12Tidivapuravarasamo bhavati,He was equal to the best in the city of the Third Heaven,2.27.13Suravarataroriva indo.like Indra, the finest of gods.

2.27.14Gandhabbāsurayakkharakkhasebhi,One such as that is not easily beaten by centaurs,2.27.15Surehi na hi bhavati suppadhaṁsiyo;titans, spirits, monsters, or gods.2.27.16Tathatto yadi bhavati tathāvidho,If he becomes of that sort,2.27.17Idha disā ca paṭidisā ca vidisā cā”ti.he illuminates the quarters and in-between.”

2.28.031–32. Samadantasusukkadāṭhālakkhaṇāni31–32. Even and White Teeth

2.28.1PTS 3.177“Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṁ jātiṁ purimaṁ bhavaṁ purimaṁ niketaṁ pubbe manussabhūto samāno“Mendicants, in some past lives the Realized One was reborn as a human being.2.28.2micchājīvaṁ pahāya sammāājīvena jīvikaṁ kappesi, tulākūṭakaṁsakūṭamānakūṭaukkoṭanavañcananikatisāciyogachedanavadhabandhanaviparāmosaālopasahasākārā paṭivirato ahosi.He gave up wrong livelihood and earned a living by right livelihood. He refrained from falsifying weights, metals, or measures; bribery, fraud, cheating, and duplicity; mutilation, murder, abduction, banditry, plunder, and violence.2.28.3So tassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati.Due to performing, accumulating, heaping up, and amassing those deeds, when his body broke up, after death, he was reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm.2.28.4So tattha aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi adhigaṇhāti dibbena āyunā dibbena vaṇṇena dibbena sukhena dibbena yasena dibbena ādhipateyyena dibbehi rūpehi dibbehi saddehi dibbehi gandhehi dibbehi rasehi dibbehi phoṭṭhabbehi.There he surpassed the other gods in ten respects: heavenly lifespan, beauty, happiness, glory, sovereignty, sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and touches.2.28.5So tato cuto itthattaṁ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati, samadanto ca hoti susukkadāṭho ca.When he came back to this place he obtained these two marks: his teeth are even and perfectly white.⁴⁰

2.29.1So tehi lakkhaṇehi samannāgato sace agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, rājā hoti cakkavattī dhammiko dhammarājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariyappatto sattaratanasamannāgato.Possessing these marks, if he stays at home he becomes a king, a wheel-turning monarch, a just and principled king. His dominion extends to all four sides, he achieves stability in the country, and he possesses the seven treasures.2.29.2Tassimāni satta ratanāni bhavanti, seyyathidaṁ—He has the following seven treasures:2.29.3cakkaratanaṁ hatthiratanaṁ assaratanaṁ maṇiratanaṁ itthiratanaṁ gahapatiratanaṁ pariṇāyakaratanameva sattamaṁ.the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the jewel, the woman, the householder, and the commander as the seventh treasure.2.29.4Parosahassaṁ kho panassa puttā bhavanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā.He has over a thousand sons who are valiant and heroic, crushing the armies of his enemies.2.29.5So imaṁ pathaviṁ sāgarapariyantaṁ akhilamanimittamakaṇṭakaṁ iddhaṁ phītaṁ khemaṁ sivaṁ nirabbudaṁ adaṇḍena asatthena dhammena abhivijiya ajjhāvasati.After conquering this land girt by sea—free of harassment by bandits, successful and prosperous, safe, blessed, free of pests—he reigns by principle, without rod or sword.2.29.6Rājā samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as king?2.29.7Suciparivāro hoti sucissa honti parivārā brāhmaṇagahapatikā negamajānapadā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā amaccā pārisajjā rājāno bhogiyā kumārā.His retinue is pure. This includes brahmins and householders, people of town and country, treasurers and chief ministers, military officers, guardsmen, ministers, councillors, rulers, tax beneficiaries, and princes.2.29.8Rājā samāno idaṁ labhati.That’s what he obtains as king.

2.30.1Sace kho pana agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati, arahaṁ hoti sammāsambuddho loke vivaṭṭacchado.But if he goes forth from the lay life to homelessness, he becomes a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha, who has cast off the world’s veil.2.30.2Buddho samāno kiṁ labhati?And what does he obtain as Buddha?2.30.3Suciparivāro hoti, sucissa honti parivārā, bhikkhū bhikkhuniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo devā manussā asurā nāgā gandhabbā.His retinue is pure. This includes monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, gods, humans, titans, dragons, and centaurs.2.30.4Buddho samāno idaṁ labhati”.That’s what he obtains as Buddha.”2.30.5Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca.The Buddha spoke this matter.

2.31.1Tatthetaṁ vuccati:On this it is said:

2.31.2PTS 3.178“Micchājīvañca avassaji samena vuttiṁ,“He abandoned wrong livelihood, and created2.31.3Sucinā so janayittha dhammikena;a way of life that’s fair, pure, and just.2.31.4Ahitamapi ca apanudi,He cast aside what was unbeneficial,2.31.5Hitamapi ca bahujanasukhañca acari.and lived for the welfare and happiness of the people.

2.31.6Sagge vedayati naro sukhapphalāni,Having done what’s praised <j>by the clever, the wise, and the good,2.31.7Karitvā nipuṇebhi vidūhi sabbhi;that man experienced the fruit in heaven.2.31.8Vaṇṇitāni tidivapuravarasamo,Equal to the best in the Third Heaven,2.31.9Abhiramati ratikhiḍḍāsamaṅgī.he enjoyed himself with pleasure and play.

2.31.10Laddhāna mānusakaṁ bhavaṁ tato,From there he passed back to a human life.2.31.11Cavitvāna sukataphalavipākaṁ;With the remaining ripening <j>of the fruit of good deeds,2.31.12Sesakena paṭilabhati lapanajaṁ,he obtained teeth that are even,2.31.13Samamapi sucisusukkaṁ.gleaming, bright, and white.

2.31.14Taṁ veyyañjanikā samāgatā bahavo,Many soothsayers regarded as wise men2.31.15Byākaṁsu nipuṇasammatā manujā;gathered and predicted of him:2.31.16Sucijanaparivāragaṇo bhavati,‘With twice-born teeth <j>so even, so white, so clean and bright2.31.17Dijasamasukkasucisobhanadanto.his retinue will be so pure.

2.31.18PTS 3.179Rañño hoti bahujano,As king, his people will also be pure,2.31.19Suciparivāro mahatiṁ mahiṁ anusāsato;when he rules having conquered this earth so broad.2.31.20Pasayha na ca janapadatudanaṁ,They won’t harm the country,2.31.21Hitamapi ca bahujanasukhañca caranti.but will live for the welfare <j>and happiness of the people.

2.31.22Atha ce pabbajati bhavati vipāpo,But if he goes forth he’ll be an ascetic free of ill,2.31.23Samaṇo samitarajo vivaṭṭacchado;his passions quelled, the veil cast off.2.31.24Vigatadarathakilamatho,Rid of stress and weariness,2.31.25Imamapi ca paramapi ca passati lokaṁ.he sees this world and the next.

2.31.26Tassovādakarā bahugihī ca pabbajitā ca,Those who do his bidding, both lay and renunciate,2.31.27Asuciṁ garahitaṁ dhunanti pāpaṁ;shake off wickedness, impure and blameworthy.2.31.28Sa hi sucibhi parivuto bhavati,He’s surrounded by pure people, who cast aside2.31.29Malakhilakalikilese panudehī”ti.stains, callousness, sin, and corruptions.’”

2.31.30Idamavoca bhagavā.That is what the Buddha said.2.31.31Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṁ abhinandunti.Satisfied, the mendicants approved what the Buddha said.

2.31.32Lakkhaṇasuttaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ sattamaṁ.